Biology:Malpighia emarginata
| Malpighia emarginata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Close-up of the blossom and unripe fruit | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Malpighiaceae |
| Genus: | Malpighia |
| Species: | M. emarginata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Malpighia emarginata | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 134 kJ (32 kcal) |
7.69 g | |
| Dietary fiber | 1.1 g |
0.3 g | |
0.4 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 5% 38 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) | 2% 0.02 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 5% 0.06 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 3% 0.4 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 6% 0.309 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 1% 0.009 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 4% 14 μg |
| Vitamin C | 2021% 1677.6 mg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 1% 12 mg |
| Iron | 2% 0.2 mg |
| Magnesium | 5% 18 mg |
| Manganese | 29% 0.6 mg |
| Phosphorus | 2% 11 mg |
| Potassium | 3% 146 mg |
| Sodium | 0% 7 mg |
| Zinc | 1% 0.1 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 91 g |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
Malpighia emarginata is a tropical fruit-bearing shrub or small tree in the family Malpighiaceae.
Common names include acerola cherry, Guarani cherry, Barbados cherry, West Indian cherry,[2] and wild crepe myrtle.[3] Acerola is native to Paraguay and Brazil in South America, Central America and southern Mexico, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and Haiti, but is now also being grown as far north as Texas and in subtropical areas of Asia, such as India .
Distribution
Malpighia emarginata is originally from Yucatán, and can be found in Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, South America as far south as Peru and Colombia,[4] and the southeast region of Brazil , and in the southernmost parts of the contiguous United States (southern Florida[5] and the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas ).[5][6][7] In Florida, it can be grown in protected locations as far north as Cape Canaveral.[8] It is cultivated in the tropics and subtropics throughout the world, including the Canary Islands, Ghana, Ethiopia, Madagascar , Zanzibar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, India , Java, Hawaii, and Australia .[9]
Production
Brazil
Brazil is the largest producer of acerola worldwide.[10] On 11,000 ha (27,000 acres), Brazil produces 32,990 t (36,370 tons) of acerola per year. In order to preserve the genetic variability of acerola, the federal rural University of Pernambuco in Brazil established an "Acerola Active Germplasm Bank" in June 1998.[11]
Growth conditions
Acerola can be propagated by seed, cutting, or other methods. It prefers dry, well-drained, sandy soil and full sun, and cannot endure temperatures lower than −1 °C (30 °F). Because of its shallow roots, it has very low tolerance to winds. Furthermore, a sufficient water supply is advantageous for good growth and maximum yields of large fruits. This is especially important during fruiting and flowering.[12] The optimal growth conditions are reached at a mean temperature of 26 °C (79 °F) and 1,200–1,600 mm (47–63 in) of rainfall annually.[13]
Description
Acerola is an evergreen shrub or small tree with spreading branches on a short trunk. It is usually 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) tall, but sometimes reaches 6 m (20 ft) in height.[14] The chromosome number is 2n = 40.[15]
Bark
The bark of young branches is green and sparsely covered with curly-haired trichomes, which fall off with age. The greyish to brownish bark is relatively smooth and covered with conspicuous cork pores when young. With age, it is thick and cracked.
Leaves
The leaves are simple, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate in outline, 2–8 cm (0.79–3.15 in) long, 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in) wide, with an entire or undulating margin. They are attached oppositely on the stem on short petioles. The leaves have small hairs, which can irritate skin.
Flowers
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The flowering of the tree happens from April to November. Flowers are bisexual and 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) in diameter. They have five[16] pale to deep pink or red[17] fringed petals, 10 stamens, and six to 10 glands on the calyx. The three to five flowers per inflorescence are sessile or short-peduncled axillary cymes.[14]
Fruits and seeds
Three years after planting, trees start producing fruits. 3–4 weeks after flowering,[18] a number of bright red drupes 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) in diameter with a mass of 3–5 g (0.11–0.18 oz) mature. The shell of the fruit is smooth and very thin. Its shelf life of 2–3 days at ambient temperature makes it highly perishable. Drupes are in pairs or groups of three, and each contains three triangular seeds. The drupes are juicy and high in vitamin C (3–46 mg/g or 1.5–20 grains per ounce)[19] and other nutrients. They are divided into three obscure lobes and are usually acidic to subacidic, giving them a sour taste,[20] but may be sweet if grown well.[21]
Cultivation methods
Yield and harvest
Acerola flowers and fruits already in the first year after planting but increases its production in the following years, reaching up to 47 kg (104 lb) per plant in the sixth year.[13] The fruiting season usually extends from April to November. The fruits should be picked frequently, as they are not stored on the tree. Ripe fruit should be handled carefully to avoid bruising and should be utilized as soon as possible or frozen for later use. Semi-ripe fruit will usually keep for several days in the refrigerator.[12] Pollination by wild insects increases the fruit yield.[22]
Sowing
Plants can be set at any time of the year, but the best time is spring, just before the rainy season. Choose a location with good water drainage and in a sheltered spot.[12]
Pests and diseases
Malpighia emarginata is a host plant for the caterpillars of the white-patched skipper (Chiomara asychis),[23] Florida duskywing (Ephyriades brunneus),[24] and brown-banded skipper (Timochares ruptifasciatus).[25] Larvae of the acerola weevil (Anthonomus macromalus ({{{2}}})) feed on the fruits, while adults consume young leaves.[26]
Nutritional values
Acerola fruit is 91% water, and 8% carbohydrates, and contains negligible protein and fat (table). The fruit also supplies manganese at 29% DV, while other micronutrients are uniformly low in content (table). In 100 grams (3.5 ounces) reference amount, acerola fruit provides an exceptional content of vitamin C at some 20 times the Daily Value (DV) (table). Whereas the content of sugar, soluble solids and titratable acids increases, the vitamin C content decreases with the ripening process of the fruit. Therefore, the immature green fruit is harvested for industrial use of the vitamin C.[27] Besides the high vitamin C content, acerola also contains phytonutrients like phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids.[28]
Uses
Others
Acerola is a popular bonsai subject because of its small leaf and fruit, and fine ramification. It is also grown as an ornamental[29] and for hedges.[9] Because acerola also contains pigments like anthocyanins and carotenoids, it could also be used as a food colorant.[30]
References
- ↑ "Malpighia emarginata DC. — The Plant List". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2504411.
- ↑ Johnson, Paul D. (2003). "Acerola (Malpighia glabra L., M. punicifolia M. emarginata DC.) Agriculture, Production, and Nutrition". Plants in Human Health and Nutrition Policy. 91. Karger Publishers. pp. 63–74. ISBN 3-8055-7554-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVSh_u7KxQIC.
- ↑ "Malpighia glabra L. wild crapemyrtle". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAGL6.
- ↑ "Vista de Acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C.): Fruta promisoria con posibilidades de cultivo en Colombia. Una revisión". https://ojs.ucol.mx/index.php/agropecuaria/article/view/193/142.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Malpighia emarginata | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2010-02-02 }}
- ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Malpighia glabra | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?23206 | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2009-12-16 }}
- ↑ "Barbados Cherry, Mexican Myrtle, Manzanita, Cerez, Huacacote, Wild Crepe Myrtle, Manyonita, Cerezo de Jamaica, Cerezo de Castillo, Pallo de Gallina, Escobillo, Chia, Arrayncito, Xocat, Xocatatl Malpighia glabra". Benny Simpson's Texas Native Shrubs. Texas A&M University. http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/nativeshrubs/malpighiaglabra.htm.
- ↑ Boning, Charles (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc.. p. 41.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hanelt, Peter (2001). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (Except Ornamentals). Springer. pp. 1127–1128. ISBN 3-540-41017-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC.
- ↑ "Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits - 1st Edition". https://www.elsevier.com/books/postharvest-biology-and-technology-of-tropical-and-subtropical-fruits/yahia/978-1-84569-734-1.
- ↑ Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Elsevier. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84569-733-4.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Phillips, R. L. (1994). "Barbados Cherry". University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/IR00002897/00001.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Moura, Carlos F. H.; Oliveira, Luciana de S.; de Souza, Kellina O.; da Franca, Lorena G.; Ribeiro, Laiza B.; de Souza, Pahlevi A.; de Miranda, Maria R.A. (2018). "Acerola—Malpighia emarginata". Exotic Fruits: 7–14. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803138-4.00003-4. ISBN 978-0-12-803138-4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128031384000034.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R.; Simons, A. (2009). "Malpighia glabra L. Malpighiaceae". Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0.. Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre. http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=18079.
- ↑ "Tropicos". https://www.tropicos.org/Project/IPCN.
- ↑ "Plants Profile Malpighia glabra L. wild crapemyrtle". http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAGL6.
- ↑ National Geographic (2008). Edible: An Illustrated Guide to the World's Food Plants. National Geographic Books. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-4262-0372-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=HORIzBx17DYC.
- ↑ Johnson, P. D. (2003), "Acerola (Malpighia glabra L., M. punicifolia L., M. emarginata D.C.): Agriculture, Production and Nutrition", Acerola (Malpighia glabra L., M. punicifolia L., M. emarginata D.C.): Agriculture, Production and Nutrition, World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 91, Basel: KARGER, pp. 67–75, doi:10.1159/000069930, ISBN 3-8055-7554-8, PMID 12747089, http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000069930, retrieved 2022-11-13
- ↑ Vendramini, Ana T.; Trugo, Luis C. (2000). "Chemical composition of acerola fruit (Malpighia punicifolia L.) at three stage of maturity". Food Chemistry 71 (2): 195–198. doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(00)00152-7. ISSN 0308-8146.
- ↑ "Malpighia glabra L. wild crapemyrtle". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAGL6.
- ↑ Nugent, Jeff; Boniface, Julia (2004) (in en). Permaculture Plants: A Selection. Permanent Publications. ISBN 1-85623-029-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=40n-Z_8ihZMC.
- ↑ Garibaldi, Lucas A.; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Winfree, Rachael; Aizen, Marcelo A.; Bommarco, Riccardo; Cunningham, Saul A.; Kremen, Claire; Carvalheiro, Luísa G. et al. (2013-03-01). "Wild Pollinators Enhance Fruit Set of Crops Regardless of Honey Bee Abundance". Science 339 (6127): 1608–1611. doi:10.1126/science.1230200. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23449997. Bibcode: 2013Sci...339.1608G. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339.1608G.
- ↑ "Species Detail | Butterflies and Moths of North America". 2010-06-20. http://butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1987.
- ↑ "Species Detail | Butterflies and Moths of North America". 2010-06-20. http://butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1990.
- ↑ "Species Detail | Butterflies and Moths of North America". 2010-06-20. http://butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1986.
- ↑ Peña, Jorge E.; Sharp, Jennifer L.; Wysoki, M. (2002) (in en). Tropical Fruit Pests and Pollinators: Biology, Economic Importance, Natural Enemies, and Control. CABI. ISBN 0-85199-976-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=t_BSs0hrAPAC.
- ↑ Moura, Carlos (2018). "Acerola—Malpighia emarginata". Exotic Fruits. Academic Press: 7–14. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803138-4.00003-4. ISBN 978-0-12-803138-4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128031384000034.
- ↑ "Exotic Fruits Reference Guide von Sueli Rodrigues | ISBN 978-0-12-803138-4 | Sachbuch online kaufen - Lehmanns.ch" (in de). https://www.lehmanns.ch/shop/weitere-fachgebiete/39473921-9780128031384-exotic-fruits-reference-guide.
- ↑ Gillman, Edward F. (October 1999). "Malpighia glabra". Cooperative Extension Services Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida. http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/MALGLAA.PDF.
- ↑ Prakash, Anand; Baskaran, Revathy (2018). "Acerola, an untapped functional superfruit: a review on latest frontiers". Journal of Food Science and Technology 55 (9): 3373–3384. doi:10.1007/s13197-018-3309-5. PMID 30150795.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q15362022 entry
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