Biology:Satyrini

From HandWiki
(Redirected from Biology:Maniolina)
Short description: Tribe of butterflies

Satyrini
Satyrus actaea (9563853441).jpg
Satyrus actaea,
Languedoc-Roussillon, France
Appalachian Brown - Satyrodes appalachia, Julie Metz Wetlands, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg
Lethe appalachia (syn. Satyrodes appalachia), Virginia, United States
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Satyrinae
Tribe: Satyrini
Boisduval, 1833
Subtribes[1]
  • Parargina Tutt, 1896
  • Lethina Reuter, 1896
  • Mycalesina Reuter, 1896
  • Eritina Miller, 1968
  • Ragadiina Herrich-Schäffer, 1864
  • Coenonymphina Tutt, 1896
  • Euptychiina Reuter, 1896
  • Erebiina Tutt, 1896
  • Maniolina Grote, 1897
  • Melanargiina Wheeler, 1903
  • Pronophilina Reuter, 1896
  • Satyrina Boisduval, 1833
  • Ypthimina Reuter, 1896
  • some genera incertae sedis
Diversity[2]
approximately 220 genera, 2200 species
Toothed satyr
Praepronophila petronius, Colombia

The Satyrini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. It includes about 2200 species and is therefore the largest tribe in the subfamily which comprises 2500 species.[2]

Distribution

Satyrini butterflies have a worldwide distribution, but the distribution pattern differs between subtribes. Some subtribes are almost restricted to a single biogeographic region, such as the Pronophilina, which is found only in Andean cloud forests from Venezuela to Bolivia.[2]

Biology

The larval food plants of many species in this tribe are grasses, i.e. Poaceae. It is considered that the Satyrini diversified at about the same time as the grasses did, and that the radiation of the tribe is therefore closely related to the evolution of the grasses.[2][3]

In contrast, the tribe has a few genera which show uncommon feeding preferences.[3] Three genera, Euptychia, Ragadia and Acrophtalmia, feed on Lycopsida, and moreover, some species of Euptychia have been reported to feed on mosses of Neckeraceae. This is interesting cases as these genera are not considered to be very closely related to each other.[4]

Taxonomy

Pararge aegeria , Portugal
Lethe europa pavida, Taiwan
Coelites epiminthia, Malaysia
Ragadia makuta, Malaysia
Euptychia westwoodi, Panama
Lasiophila sp., Peru
Calisto herophile, Cuba

The taxonomy of the subfamily Satyrinae has recently undergone a significant revision. (Peña Wahlberg) showed that most of the traditionally well known group are paraphyletic or polyphyletic and developed a new taxonomy, based on molecular phylogenetic. The classification scheme transferred many genera traditionally placed in the Elymniini to the Satyrini,[5] and later studies have largely followed this classification.[6][7] Thus, the Satyrini is now considered to include the genera previously placed in the Elymniini, such as Lethe, Pararge and Mycalesis.[1] However, the phylogenetic statuses of some subtribes within the tribe are still unclear and the revision of the classification is likely to continue.[7]


According to (Wahlberg 2019), the Satyrini includes the following subtribes and genera:

Parargina Moore, 1893
Lethina Reuter, 1896
Mycalesina Reuter, 1896
  • Lohora Moore, 1880
  • Brakefieldia Aduse-Poku, Lees & Wahlberg, 2016
  • Telinga Moore, 1880
  • Heteropsis Westwood, 1850
  • Culapa Moore, 1879
  • Mydosama Moore, 1880
  • Mycalesis Hübner, 1818
  • Devyatkinia Monastyrskii & Uémura, 2016
  • Hallelesis Condamin, 1961
  • Bicyclus Kirby, 1871
Eritina Miller, 1968
Ragadiina Herrich-Schäffer, 1864
Coenonymphina Tutt, 1896
Euptychiina Reuter, 1896
Erebiina Tutt, 1896
Maniolina Grote, 1897
Melanargiina Wheeler, 1903
Pronophilina Reuter, 1896
  • Altopedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Antopedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Apexacuta Pyrcz, 2004
  • Arhuaco Adams & Bernard, 1977
  • Cheimas Thieme, 1907
  • Corades Doubleday, 1849
  • Corderopedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Daedalma Hewitson, 1858
  • Dangond Adams & Bernard, 1979
  • Drucina Butler, 1872
  • Druphila Pyrcz, 2004
  • Eretris Thieme, 1905
  • Eteona Doubleday, 1848
  • Foetterleia Viloria, 2004
  • Junea Hemming, 1964
  • Lasiophila Felder & Felder, 1859
  • Lymanopoda Westwood, 1851
  • Mygona Thieme, 1907
  • Neopedaliodes Viloria, Miller & Miller 2004
  • Oxeoschistus Butler, 1867
  • Panyapedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Paramo Adams & Bernard, 1977
  • Parapedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Pedaliodes Butler, 1867
  • Pherepedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Physcopedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Praepedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Praepronophila Forster, 1964
  • Proboscis Thieme, 1907
  • Pronophila Doubleday, 1849
  • Protopedaliodes Viloria & Pyrcz, 1994
  • Pseudomaniola Röber, 1889
  • Punapedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Steremnia Thieme, 1905
  • Steroma Westwood, 1850
  • Steromapedaliodes Forster, 1964
  • Thiemeia Weymer, 1912
  • Diaphanos Adams & Bernard, 1981
  • Ianussiusa Pyrcz & Viloria, 2004
  • Idioneurula Strand, 1932
  • Manerebia Staudinger, 1897
  • Neomaniola Hayward, 1949
  • Argyrophorus Blanchard, 1852
  • Auca Hayward, 1953
  • Chillanella Herrera, 1966
  • Cosmosatyrus Felder & Felder, 1867
  • Elina Blanchard, 1852
  • Faunula Felder & Felder, 1867
  • Haywardella Herrera, 1966
  • Homoeonympha Felder & Felder, 1867
  • Nelia Hayward, 1953
  • Neomaenas Wallengren, 1858
  • Neosatyrus Wallengren, 1858
  • Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953
  • Quilaphoestosus Herrera, 1966
  • Spinantenna Hayward, 1953
  • Tetraphlebia Felder & Felder, 1867
  • Gyrocheilus Butler, 1867
Satyrina Boisduval, 1833
Ypthimina Reuter, 1896
subtribe uncertain
  • Calisto Hübner, 1823
  • Paralasa Moore, 1893
  • Callerebia Butler, 1867
  • Proterebia Roos & Amschied, 1980
  • Loxerebia Watkins, 1925
  • Dyndirus Capronnier, 1874


Table for representative higher level classifications of satyrines in (Peña Wahlberg)
(excerpts with some modifications[lower-alpha 1])
(Miller 1968) (Harvey 1991) (Peña Wahlberg)
Family Satyridae Subfamily Satyrinae Satyrinae
Subfamily Elymniinae Tribe Elymniini Elymniini
Tribe Elymniini Subtribe Elymniiti
  • Genera
  • Elymnias
  • Elymniopsis
  • Genera
  • Elymnias
  • Elymniopsis
Tribe Lethini Subtribe Lethiti
  • Genera
  • Aeropetes
  • Paralethe
  • Enodia
  • Lethe
  • Neope
  • Satyrodes
  • Kirinia
  • Lasiommata
  • Lopinga
  • Pararge
  • Ethope
  • Neorina
  • Genera
  • Aeropetes
  • Paralethe
  • Enodia
  • Lethe
  • Neope
  • Satyrodes
  • Kirinia
  • Lasiommata
  • Lopinga
  • Pararge
  • Ethope
  • Neorina
Tribe Mycalesini Subtribe Mycalesiti
  • Genera
  • Bicyclus
  • Hallelesis
  • Henotesia
  • Mycalesis
  • Orsotriaena
  • Genera
  • Bicyclus
  • Hallelesis
  • Henotesia
  • Mycalesis
  • Orsotriaena
Tribe Zetherini Subtribe Zetheriti
  • Genus
  • Zethera
  • Zethera
Tribe Zetherini
  • Genera
Subfamily Biinae Tribe Biini Melanitini
Tribe Melanitini Subtribe Melanititi
  • Genera
  • Gnophodes
  • Melanitis
  • Genera
  • Gnophodes
  • Melanitis
Tribe tribe uncertain Tribe tribe uncertain
  • Genus
  • Manataria
  • Genera
  • Manataria
Subfamily Haeterinae Tribe Haeterini Haeterini
Tribe Haeterini
  • Genera
  • Cithaerias
  • Haetera
  • Pierella
  • Pseudohaetera
  • Genera
  • Cithaerias
  • Haetera
  • Pierella
  • Pseudohaetera
Subfamily Satyrinae Tribe Satyrini Satyrini
Subtribe Parargina
  • Genera
Subtribe Lethina
  • Genera
Subtribe Mycalesina
  • Genera
Tribe Coenonymphini Subtribe Coenonymphiti Coenonymphina
  • Genera
  • Coenonympha
  • Aphantopus
  • Genera
  • Coenonympha
  • Aphantopus
Tribe Hypocystini Subtribe Hypocystiti
  • Genera
  • Argyrophenga
  • Dodonidia
  • Erebiola
  • Geitoneura
  • Heteronympha
  • Hypocysta
  • Lamprolenis
  • Nesoxenica
  • Oreixenica
  • Percnodaimon
  • Tisiphone
  • Zipaetis
  • Genera
  • Argyrophenga
  • Dodonidia
  • Erebiola
  • Geitoneura
  • Heteronympha
  • Hypocysta
  • Lamprolenis
  • Nesoxenica
  • Oreixenica
  • Percnodaimon
  • Tisiphone
  • Zipaetis
Tribe Euptychiini Subtribe Euptychiiti Euptychiina
  • Genera
  • Caeruleuptychia
  • Cepheuptychia
  • Chloreuptychia
  • Cissia
  • Cyllopsis
  • Erichthodes
  • Euptychia
  • Euptychoides
  • Forsterinaria
  • Godartiana
  • Harjesia
  • Hermeuptychia
  • Moneuptychia
  • Neonympha
  • Oressinoma
  • Paramacera
  • Parataygetis
  • Pareuptychia
  • Paryphthimoides
  • Pharneuptychia
  • Pindis
  • Posttaygetis
  • Oressinoma
  • Rareuptychia
  • Splendeuptychia
  • Taygetis
  • Yphthimoides
  • Genera
  • Caeruleuptychia
  • Cepheuptychia
  • Chloreuptychia
  • Cissia
  • Cyllopsis
  • Erichthodes
  • Euptychia
  • Euptychoides
  • Forsterinaria
  • Godartiana
  • Harjesia
  • Hermeuptychia
  • Moneuptychia
  • Neonympha
  • Oressinoma
  • Paramacera
  • Parataygetis
  • Pareuptychia
  • Paryphthimoides
  • Pharneuptychia
  • Pindis
  • Posttaygetis
  • Oressinoma
  • Rareuptychia
  • Splendeuptychia
  • Taygetis
  • Yphthimoides
Tribe tribe uncertain Subtribe subtribe uncertain subtribe uncertain
  • Genus
  • Palaeonympha
  • Genera
  • Palaeonympha
Tribe Ypthimini Subtribe Ypthimiti Ypthimina
  • Genera
  • Neocoenyra
  • Ypthima
  • Ypthimomorpha
  • Genera
  • Neocoenyra
  • Ypthima
  • Ypthimomorpha
Tribe Melanargiini Subtribe Melanargiiti Melanargiina
  • Genus
  • Melanargia
  • Genus
  • Melanargia
Tribe Maniolini Subtribe Manioliti Maniolina
  • Genera
  • Cercyonis
  • Hyponephele
  • Maniola
  • Pyronia
  • Genera
  • Cercyonis
  • Hyponephele
  • Maniola
  • Pyronia
Tribe Pronophilini Subtribe Pronophiliti Pronophilina
  • Genera
  • Amphidecta
  • Corades
  • Daedalma
  • Eteona
  • Junea
  • Lasiophila
  • Lymanopoda
  • Oxeoschistus
  • Panyapedaliodes
  • Parapedaliodes
  • Pedaliodes
  • Praepedaliodes
  • Proboscis
  • Pronophila
  • Pseudomaniola
  • Punapedaliodes
  • Steremnia
  • Steroma
  • Idioneurula
  • Manerebia
  • Argyrophorus
  • Quilaphoetosus
  • Auca
  • Chillanella
  • Cosmosatyrus
  • Elina
  • Etcheverrius
  • Nelia
  • Pampasatyrus
  • Genera
  • Amphidecta
  • Corades
  • Daedalma
  • Eteona
  • Junea
  • Lasiophila
  • Lymanopoda
  • Oxeoschistus
  • Panyapedaliodes
  • Parapedaliodes
  • Pedaliodes
  • Praepedaliodes
  • Proboscis
  • Pronophila
  • Pseudomaniola
  • Punapedaliodes
  • Steremnia
  • Steroma
  • Idioneurula
  • Manerebia
  • Argyrophorus
  • Quilaphoetosus
  • Auca
  • Chillanella
  • Cosmosatyrus
  • Elina
  • Etcheverrius
  • Nelia
  • Pampasatyrus
Tribe Erebiini Subtribe Erebiiti Erebiina
  • Genus
  • Erebia
  • Genus
  • Erebia
Tribe Satyrini Subtribe Satyriti Satyrina
  • Genera
  • Arethusana
  • Berberia
  • Brintesia
  • Chazara
  • Hipparchia
  • Karanasa
  • Neominois
  • Oeneis
  • Paralasa
  • Pseudochazara
  • Satyrus
  • Genera
  • Arethusana
  • Berberia
  • Brintesia
  • Chazara
  • Hipparchia
  • Karanasa
  • Neominois
  • Oeneis
  • Paralasa
  • Pseudochazara
  • Satyrus
Tribe tribe uncertain
  • Genera

Notes

  1. (Lamas 2004) was excluded because it only listed genera distributed in the Neotropics. Also, note that the table does not include all subtribes of this tribe (e.g. there are not subtribes Eritina, Ragadiina and tribe Dirini), and some genera have been further reclassified (e.g. Aeropetes and Paralethe from Melanitini to Dirini, Orsotriaena and Zipaetis from Coenonymphina to Eritina) or synonymized (e.g. Satyrodes was synonymized with Lethe), since (Peña Wahlberg).[1]

References

Citations

Sources


External links

Wikidata ☰ Q2717036 entry