Biology:Megalocnidae

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Short description: Extinct Greater Antilles sloth family

Megalocnidae
Temporal range: Early Oligocene–Holocene
Megalocnus rodens.JPG
Megalocnus rodens, an extinct Cuban megalocnid sloth (AMNH)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Pilosa
Suborder: Folivora
Family: †Megalocnidae
Presslee et al, 2019 (as family)
Genera
Synonyms

Megalocnoidea Delsuc et al, 2019

Megalocnidae is an extinct family of sloths, native to the islands of the Greater Antilles from the Early Oligocene to the Mid-Holocene. They are known from Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, but are absent from Jamaica. While they were formerly placed in the Megalonychidae alongside two-toed sloths and ground sloths like Megalonyx, recent mitochondrial DNA and collagen sequencing studies place them as the earliest diverging group basal to all other sloths.[1][2] They displayed significant diversity in body size and lifestyle, with Megalocnus being terrestrial and probably weighing several hundred kilograms, while Neocnus was likely arboreal and similar in weight to extant tree sloths, at less than 10 kilograms.[3]

Origin

Drawing of the skull of Parocnus dominicanus from Hispaniola, missing the jugal.

It is thought that sloths arrived in the Caribbean from South America (where they arose) around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary about 33 million years ago, when there was a significant sea level drop caused by a glaciation episode.[4] This has been associated with the GAARlandia (Greater Aves Antilles Ridge) hypothesis, where the Aves Ridge is suggested to have formed a land bridge during the interval, allowing overland migration into the Greater Antilles. The existence of such a land bridge has been questioned because of the lack of geological evidence for the Aves Ridge having been subaerially exposed[5] as well as the fact that many other South American animals (such as marsupials and ungulates) are absent from the Greater Antilles, making a complete land bridge unlikely.[6][3][note 1] The earliest evidence suggesting the presence of sloths in the Caribbean is a partial femur from the Early Oligocene of Puerto Rico.[7] Other pre-Pleistocene fossil remains include Imagocnus from the Early Miocene of Cuba,[8] and an indeterminate species from the Late Miocene of the Dominican Republic.[9]

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of Caribbean sloths is in flux, with the number of species present among the Pleistocene-Holocene taxa in question; some species are likely junior synonyms, while the diversity of some genera is probably understated.[10] The mitochondrial DNA study suggests that Acratocnus ye and Parocnus serus are deeply divergent from each other, having split during the Oligocene, suggesting an early radiation within the group. An alternative taxonomy of the group has been proposed including the families Acratocnidae and Parocnidae within a new superfamily, Megalocnoidea.[1]

Based on White and MacPhee (2001):[11] and Vinola-Lopez et al. 2022[9]

  • Megalocnus
    • †M. rodens Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
  • Acratocnus
    • †A. odontrigonus Pleistocene, Puerto Rico
    • †A. ye Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola
    • †A. antillensis Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
  • Mesocnus
    • †Mesocnus browni Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
  • Parocnus
    • †Parocnus browni Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
    • †Parocnus serus Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola (Junior synonym: Megalocnus zile)[10]
    • †Parocnus dominicanus Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola[12]
  • Neocnus
    • †N. gliriformis Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
    • †N. major Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
    • †N. comes Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola
    • †N. dousman Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola
    • †N. toupiti Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola
  • Imagocnus
    • †I. zazae Early Miocene of Cuba

For other sloth taxa of the Caribbean, see Pilosans of the Caribbean.

Phylogeny

The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019).[2]

  Folivora  
  Megalocnidae  
 

Neocnus dousman

 
 
 

Acratocnus ye

 
 
 

Neocnus comes

 
 

Parocnus serus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Scelidotheriidae

 
 
 

Mylodontidae

 
 

Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths)

 
 
 
 
 
 

Megalonychidae

 
 

Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths)    

 
 
 
 

Nothrotheriidae

 
 

Megatheriidae

 
 
 
 
 
 

Extinction

Sloths in the Caribbean survived about 5,000 years longer than ground sloths on the mainland. On Cuba the latest date for Megalocnus is calibrated 4700 years Before Present (BP). approximately 2700 BC.[13] while dates for Parocnus browni are around 6250 BP (4250 BC). On Hispaniola the dates for some indeterminate sloth specimens are around 5000 BP (3000 BC); these dates roughly coincide with the first settlement of the Caribbean, which suggests that humans were the cause of the extinction.[14]

Notes

  1. ↑ The main groups of terrestrial mammals to colonize the Antilles, sloths, caviomorph rodents and platyrrhine monkeys, have all displayed a facility for oceanic dispersal or island hopping in other settings. For example, megalonychid and mylodontid ground sloths reached North America from South America prior to formation of a complete land bridge, and both caviomorphs and platyrrhines originally reached South America by rafting across the Atlantic from Africa.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Delsuc, F.; Kuch, M.; Gibb, G.C.; Karpinski, E.; Hackenberger, D.; Szpak, P.; Martínez, J.G.; Mead, J.I. et al. (June 2019). "Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths". Current Biology 29 (12): 2031–2042.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043. PMID 31178321. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333647272. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Presslee, S.; Slater, G.J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A.M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; Mackie, M.; Olsen, J.V. et al. (July 2019). "Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships". Nature Ecology & Evolution 3 (7): 1121–1130. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. PMID 31171860. http://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0909-z. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Defler, Thomas (2019), "Mammalian Invasion of the Caribbean Islands", History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America, Topics in Geobiology, 42, Springer International Publishing, pp. 221–234, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_11, ISBN 978-3-319-98448-3, OCLC 1086356172 
  4. ↑ Houben, A.J.P.; van Mourik, C.A.; Montanari, A.; Coccioni, R.; Brinkhuis, H. (June 2012). "The Eocene–Oligocene transition: Changes in sea level, temperature or both?". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 335-336: 75–83. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.04.008. Bibcode: 2012PPP...335...75H. 
  5. ↑ Ali, Jason R. (March 2012). "Colonizing the Caribbean: is the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis gaining a foothold?: Commentary". Journal of Biogeography 39 (3): 431–433. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02674.x. 
  6. ↑ Ali, Jason R.; Hedges, S. Blair (November 2021). Hoorn, Carina. ed. "Colonizing the Caribbean: New geological data and an updated land‐vertebrate colonization record challenge the GAARlandia land‐bridge hypothesis" (in en). Journal of Biogeography 48 (11): 2699–2707. doi:10.1111/jbi.14234. ISSN 0305-0270. 
  7. ↑ MacPhee, R.D.E.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.A. (1995). "Origin of the Greater Antillean land mammal fauna, 1: New Tertiary fossils from Cuba and Puerto Rico". American Museum Novitates (3141): 1–31. 
  8. ↑ MacPhee, R.D.E.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.A.; Gaffney, E.S. (2003). "Domo de Zaza, an early Miocene vertebrate locality in south-central Cuba, with notes on the tectonic evolution of Puerto Rico and the Mona Passage". American Museum Novitates (3394): 1–42. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)394<0001:DDZAEM>2.0.CO;2. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/292687. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Viñola-Lopez, Lazaro W.; Suárez, Elson E. Core; Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Milan, Juan N. Almonte; Bloch, Jonathan I. (May 2022). "The oldest known record of a ground sloth (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Folivora) from Hispaniola: evolutionary and paleobiogeographical implications" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 96 (3): 684–691. doi:10.1017/jpa.2021.109. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2022JPal...96..684V. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 McAfee, R.K.; Beery, S.M. (2019-06-04). "Intraspecific variation of Megalonychid sloths from Hispaniola and the taxonomic implications". Historical Biology 33 (3): 371–386. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1618294. 
  11. ↑ White, J.L.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2001). "The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review". in Woods, C. A.; Sergile, F. E.. Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.: CRC Press. pp. 201–235. doi:10.1201/9781420039481-14. ISBN 978-0-8493-2001-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=f33LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201. 
  12. ↑ McAfee, Robert; Beery, Sophia; Rimoli, Renato; Almonte, Juan; Lehman, Phillip; Cooke, Siobhan (2021-08-31). "New species of the ground sloth Parocnus from the late Pleistocene-early Holocene of Hispaniola" (in en). Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 9 (1). doi:10.18435/vamp29369. ISSN 2292-1389. https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29369. 
  13. ↑ MacPhee, R. D. E.; Iturralde-Vinent, M. A.; Vázquez, Osvaldo Jiménez (January 2007). "Prehistoric Sloth Extinctions in Cuba: Implications of a New "Last" Appearance Date" (in en). Caribbean Journal of Science 43 (1): 94–98. doi:10.18475/cjos.v43i1.a9. ISSN 0008-6452. 
  14. ↑ Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (33): 11763–11768. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 16085711. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..10211763S. 

Wikidata ☰ Q96392529 entry



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