Biology:Mekosuchinae

Short description: Extinct subfamily of reptiles

Mekosuchinae Temporal range: Eocene - Holocene, 56–0.003 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Restoration of the skull of Quinkana timara at the Central Australian Museum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauromorpha
Clade:	Archosauriformes
Order:	Crocodilia
Clade:	†Mekosuchinae Willis, Molnar & Scanlon, 1993
Type species
†Mekosuchus inexpectatus Balouet & Buffetaut, 1987
Genera
Australosuchus Baru Harpacochampsa? Kalthifrons Kambara Mekosuchus Paludirex Quinkana Trilophosuchus Ultrastenos Volia

Mekosuchinae is an extinct clade of crocodilians from the Cenozoic of Australasia. They represented the dominant group of crocodilians in the region during most of the Cenozoic. They first appear in the fossil record in the Eocene in Australia, and survived until the arrival of humans: in the Late Pleistocene in Australia and within the Holocene in the Pacific islands of Fiji, New Caledonia and Vanuatu.

Mekosuchine crocodiles are a diverse group. One of the last species, Mekosuchus inexpectatus from Holocene New Caledonia, may have been arboreal. The early Miocene species Harpacochampsa camfieldensis may have resembled a false gharial. Another mekosuchine fossil, currently undescribed, has been found in Miocene deposits from New Zealand. One genus, Mekosuchus, managed to spread to the islands of the Pacific; it is believed to have island-hopped across the Coral Sea, moving first to a now submerged island known as Greater Chesterfield Island, then New Caledonia and onwards. In the Pleistocene, Quinkana was one of the top terrestrial predators of the Australian continent.

Mekosuchines underwent a drastic decline in post-Miocene Australia, with all genera, except for Quinkana and Paludirex (both perishing during the Quaternary extinction event) becoming extinct in Australia by the end of the Pliocene. After the demise of Quinkana and Pallimnarchus, the group survived on Vanuatu and New Caledonia until the arrival of humans, who are presumed to have driven them to extinction.

While historically considered to be true crocodiles (of the family Crocodylidae), modern research places them as an independent group within or closely related to Longirostres, which contains both crocodiles and gavialids.

Phylogeny

Mekosuchus inexpectatus

Mekosuchinae is cladistically defined as a node-based taxon composed of the last common ancestor of Kambara implexidens, Mekosuchus inexpectatus, and all of its descendants.

Mekosuchinae is traditionally thought to be included as a basal member Crocodyloidea, although this is disputed. A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia, which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay.

The below cladogram shows the results of the Lee and Yates study (2018), which placed Mekosuchinae outside of Crocodyloidea, as more basal than Longirostres (the combined group of crocodiles and gavialids).

Crocodylia

Alligatoroidea       Prodiplocynodon†       Asiatosuchus†       "Crocodylus" affinis†       "Crocodylus" depressifrons†         "Crocodylus" acer†     Brachyuranochampsa†       Mekosuchinae   Australosuchus†         Kambara taraina†     Kambara implexidens†         Kambara murgonensis†           Kalthifrons†     ‘Pallimnarchus’†         Baru wickeni†       Baru darrowi†     Baru Alcoota†               Bullock Creek taxon†     Baru huberi†         Volia†       Mekosuchus†       Trilophosuchus†     Quinkana†                   Longirostres Crocodyloidea   "Crocodylus" megarhinus†     Crocodylidae     Gavialoidea   extinct basal Gavialoids†   Gavialidae   Gavialis     Tomistoma

Other studies have recovered Mekosuchinae within Longirostres, belonging to Crocodyloidea, as shown in the alternative cladogram below.

Anteophthalmosuchus epikrator       Theriosuchus pusillus       Susisuchidae       Bernissartia fagesii   Eusuchia   Hylaeochampsidae       Allodaposuchidae       Portugalosuchus azenhae   Crocodylia     Borealosuchus spp.     Alligatoroidea         Planocraniidae       Prodiplocynodon langi         'Crocodylus' affinis     'Crocodylus' depressifrons         Asiatosuchus germanicus         'Crocodylus' acer     Brachyuranochampsa eversolei     Longirostres Gavialoidea   Kentisuchus spenceri       Megadontosuchus arduini         Gunggamarandu maunala     Dollosuchoides densmorei           Maomingosuchus petrolica       Harpacochampsa camfieldensis       Thecachampsa antiquus     'Tomistoma' cairense           Gavialidae           Crocodyloidea   'Crocodylus' megarhinus     Mekosuchinae     Kambara implexidens       Kambara taraina     Kambara murgonensis           Australosuchus clarkae       Kalthifrons aurivellensis   Mekosuchini     Trilophosuchus rackhami       Mekosuchus whitehunterensis     Mekosuchus sanderi             Baru wickeni     Baru darrowi           Paludirex gracilis     Paludirex vincenti         Quinkana meboldi       Quinkana fortirostrum     Quinkana timara                     Crocodylidae

References

• Mead, J. I.; Steadman, D. W.; Bedford, S. H.; Bell, C. J.; Spriggs, M. (August 2002). Guyer, C.. ed. "New extinct mekosuchine crocodile from Vanuatu, South Pacific". Copeia 2002 (3): 632–641. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0632:NEMCFV2.0.CO;2]. http://doc.rero.ch/record/16396/files/PAL_E3562.pdf. 

Wikidata ☰ Q137778 entry