Biology:Mormon cricket
| Mormon cricket | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Tettigoniidae |
| Genus: | Anabrus |
| Species: | A. simplex
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| Binomial name | |
| Anabrus simplex Haldeman, 1852
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The Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex) is a large insect native to western North America in rangelands dominated by sagebrush and forbs. Anabrus is a genus in the shield-backed katydid subfamily in the Tettigoniidae family, commonly called katydids, bush crickets, and previously "long-horned grasshoppers". Its common name, "Mormon cricket", is a misnomer: true crickets are of the family Gryllidae.
The Mormon cricket takes its common name from the prominent role it played in the miracle of the gulls, after the Mormon settlers in Utah had encountered them while pushing westward.[2]
Although flightless, the Mormon cricket may travel up to two kilometres a day in its swarming phase,[3] during which it may be a serious agricultural pest and sometimes a traffic hazard.
Description
Mormon crickets can grow to almost 8 cm (3 inches) in length. Individuals vary in coloration: the overall color may be black, brown, red, purple or green. The pronotum, the dorsal "shield" above the prothorax, covers vestigial wings); in some specimens it bears colored markings. The abdomen may have a striped appearance. Like many Tettigoniidae, females have a long ovipositor, which should not be mistaken for a stinger.
As is characteristic of Tettigoniidae, the antennae are long and filamentous. They are in general longer than the head plus body, though the ovipositor extends to beyond the ends of the antennae.
As also is the case in swarming locusts, high population densities of swarming Mormon crickets cause them to undergo changes in morphology and coloration: solitaria, individuals in the solitary phase, typically have green or purple coloration, while swarming individuals, gregaria, are often black, brown or red.
Life cycle
Mormon cricket eggs hatch mostly in the spring after they are laid, although in some areas eggs may take as many as five years to hatch. Hatching begins when soil temperatures reach 4 °C (40 °F). The nymphs pass through seven instars before reaching the adult stage, typically taking 60 to 90 days.
Breeding begins within 10 to 14 days of reaching the adult stage. The male passes to the female a large spermatophore which can be up to 27% of his body weight. The spermatophore is mostly food for the female to consume but also contains sperm to fertilize her eggs. This nuptial gift causes swarming-phase females to compete for males, a behavior not seen in solitary-phase females.
The female lays her eggs by thrusting her long ovipositor deep into the soil. Each female can lay over one hundred eggs, with individual eggs having the appearance of a grain of rice with a gray to purplish color.
Swarming
The Mormon cricket exists in populations of relatively low density throughout most of its range. At certain times and places, population explosions or infestations occur in which large numbers of the crickets form roving bands. These bands may include millions of individuals and be found with densities of up to 100 individuals per square meter. These infestations may last years or even decades, and are characterized by a gradual increase and then decrease in population. The factors that trigger these infestations are poorly understood, but are thought to be weather-related.
Research published in 2006 shows that Mormon crickets move in these migratory bands, firstly to find new sources of the critical nutrients of protein and salt, and secondly to avoid being eaten by hungry crickets approaching from the rear. The Mormon cricket's cannibalistic behavior may lead to swarm behavior because crickets may need to move constantly forward to avoid attacks from behind.[4][5]
When a large band crosses a road, it can create a safety hazard by causing distracted revulsion on the part of the driver, and by causing the road surface to become slick with crushed crickets.[6] The crickets can cause devastation to agriculture.[2]
Diet
The Mormon cricket shows a marked preference for forbs, but grasses and shrubs such as sagebrush are also consumed.[7] Mormon crickets also eat insects, including other Mormon crickets, especially individuals that have been killed or injured by automobiles or insecticides. Cannibalistic behavior may be a result of protein and salt deficiency. Swarming behavior may in turn be a strategy to avoid predation by other Mormon crickets.[4] A journal documenting an 1846 journey along the Oregon Trail describes an encounter with the crickets and notes their cannibalistic behavior:
The ground, for a strip of about four miles, was covered with black crickets of a large size. I saw some that were about three inches in length, and measuring about three-fourths of an inch in diameter; but the common size were two inches in length and one-half or five-eighths of an inch in diameter; their legs were large in proportion to the size of their bodies. Some were singing on stalks of wild sage; others crawling in every direction. Our teams made great havoc among them; so numerous were they that we crushed them at every step. As soon as one was killed, others of them would alight upon it and devour it.[8]
Control
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Mormon crickets are preyed upon by a wide variety of birds and mammals. These predators include California gulls, crows, coyotes and various rodents. There are no predators that specialize on Mormon crickets, which may be explained by the cricket's migratory habits and large population fluctuations. Gordius robustus, a species of horsehair worm, is a parasite of the Mormon cricket,[9] as is Ooencyrtus anabrivorus.[10]
The most common chemical control method used is carbaryl (typically sold as "Sevin Dust") bait. This bait kills both the Mormon crickets that eat the bait, and the crickets that eat crickets that have eaten the bait. Insecticides applied directly to crops may kill the insects, but due to the large size of swarms, this method usually does not save the crop from being destroyed.
As Mormon crickets are flightless, physical barriers may be effective. Barriers should be at least two feet high and made of a smooth material. Residents of some small towns have used boom boxes and sound systems playing hard rock music in attempts to divert the moving swarms away from crops and houses.[11]
Another method for the control of Mormon crickets is the use of a biopesticide based on the fungus Nosema locustae. N. locustae is a naturally occurring microbe the spores of which kill orthopterans by interfering with the digestive system. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, its use has no adverse effect on humans or the environment.[12]
Historical
Mormon crickets appear in some traditional Native American diets such as that of the Achomawi.[13][14]
An infestation of Mormon crickets in the Salt Lake Valley the late 1840s decimated the crops of Latter-day Saint colonists in the area, which is why they are referred to as Mormon crickets. This is most famously recalled in the "Miracle of the gulls" story.[15][16]
In 2003, officials in Utah, Idaho and Nevada said that year's infestation might be the worst in recent history.[6]
References
- ↑ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.826521/Anabrus_simplex.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hartley, William (Summer 1970). "Mormons, Crickets, and Gulls: A New Look at an Old Story". Utah Historical Quarterly 38 (3): 224–239. doi:10.2307/45058907. https://issuu.com/utah10/docs/uhq_volume38_1970_number3/s/107089.
- ↑ Lorch, Patrick D.; Sword, Gregory A.; Gwynne, Darryl T.; Anderson, Gerald L. (October 1, 2005). "Radiotelemetry reveals differences in individual movement patterns between outbreak and non-outbreak Mormon cricket populations". Ecological Entomology 30 (5): 548–555. doi:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00725.x. http://drosophila.biology.kent.edu/users/plorch/LorchPdfs/Lorchetal2005.pdf. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Simpson, S.J.; Sword, G.A.; Lorch, P.D.; Couzin, I.D. (March 14, 2006). "Cannibal crickets on a forced march for protein and salt". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (11): 4152–4156. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508915103. PMID 16537500.
- ↑ Sword, Gregory. "Mormon Cricket Ecology and Evolution". University of Sydney, School of Biological Sciences. http://www.bio.usyd.edu.au/molecular_ecology/research/crickets.shtml. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Nelson, James (June 14, 2003). "Mormon Crickets Devour Crops, Turn Roads 'Blood Red'". Reuters. http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/06/14/mormon.crickets.reut/.
- ↑ "Mormon Cricket Anabrus simplex Haldeman". Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 912. September 1994. http://www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper/ID_Tools/F_Sheets/mormoncr.htm. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
- ↑ Palmer, Joel, Journal of Travels over the Rocky Mountains, to the Mouth of the Columbia River, p.79 (1847)
- ↑ Hanelt, Ben; Janovy Jr, John (February 1999). "The life cycle of a horsehair worm: Gordius robustus (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea)". The Journal of Parasitology 85 (1): 139–141. doi:10.2307/3285720. PMID 10207382. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=bioscijanovy.
- ↑ Gahan, A.B. (1942). "Descriptions of five new species of Chalcidoidea, with notes on a few described species (Hymenoptera)". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 92 (3137): 41–51. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.92-3137.41. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/52738.
- ↑ Carlton, Jim (April 24, 2009). "Against Insect Plague, Nevadans Wield Ultimate Weapon: Hard Rock". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124052112850249691#mod=rss_whats_news_us.
- ↑ "Nosema Locustae (117001) Fact Sheet". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. October 2000. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-117001_01-Oct-00.pdf. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
- ↑ Olmsted, D.L.; Stewart, Omer C. (1978). "Achumawi". in Sturtevant, William C.. Handbook of North American Indians: California. Washington, DC: US Govt Printing Office. p. 228. ISBN 9780160045745. https://books.google.com/books?id=I6b6EEE1YlIC&q=mormon+cricket+indian&pg=PA228.
- ↑ Kerns, Virginia (2010). Journeys West: Jane and Julian Steward and their Guides. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 280–281. ISBN 978-0-8032-2508-4. https://archive.org/details/journeyswestjane00kern.
- ↑ Fife, Austin and Alta (1956). Saints of the Sage and Saddle: Folklore Among the Mormons. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 75-77.
- ↑ Saints: The Story of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Volume 2: No Unhallowed Hand, 1846-1893. Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2020. pp. 99-105. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/history/saints-v2/part-1/07-keep-up-good-courage?lang=eng. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
External links
- Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex), University of Florida description page with images and male cricket song
- From Ants to People, an Instinct to Swarm, New York Times article
- Grasshoppers and Mormon Crickets: Fighting them for Nearly 100 Years, Utah State University introduction to Mormon crickets
Wikidata ☰ Q2789177 entry
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