Biology:NDRG1

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Protein NDRG1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDRG1 gene.[1][2][3][4]

This gene is a member of the N-myc downregulated gene family which belongs to the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic protein involved in stress responses, hormone responses, cell growth, and differentiation [citation needed]. Mutations in this gene have been reported to be causative the autosomal-recessive version of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease known as CMT4D.[4]

It has been reported that NDRG1 localizes to the endosomes and is a Rab4a effector involved in vesicular recycling.[5]

As reviewed by Fang et al.,[6] NDRG1 is involved in embryogenesis and development, cell growth and differentiation, lipid biosynthesis and myelination, stress responses, immunity, DNA repair and cell adhesion among other functions. NDRG1 is localised in the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondrion, at probabilities of 47.8%, 26.1% and 8.7%, respectively. In response to DNA damage NDRG1 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it may inhibit cell growth and promote DNA repair mechanisms. It is suggested that NDRG1 acts as a stress response gene or potentially as a transcription factor.

Gene

In humans, NDRG1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 8 (8q24.22). The gene encodes a 3.0 kilobases (kb) messenger RNA (mRNA) composed of 394 amino acids. NDRG1 belong to the NDRG1 family consisting of four members - NDRG1, NDRG2, NDRG3 and NDRG4 - that share a 53-65 % homology. In contrast to other family members, NDRG1 has a three tandem (GTRSRSHTSE) repeats in the C-terminal part.[7][8]

The expression of NDRG1 is regulated by hypoxia dependent and independent manner. Under hypoxia the oxygen sensor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is translocated from cytoplasma to nucleus, where binds to HIF-1β to form HIF-1 complex. This complex works as a transcription factor, binds to hypoxia response element (HRE) in the promoter of hypoxia-related genes, one of these genes is the NDRG1.[9] Also heavy metal ions (nickel, cobalt, iron) upregulate NDRG1 by mimicking hypoxia. Opposite effect on NDRG1 expression could have myc oncoproteins, N-myc and c-myc, which transcriptionally repress the expression. These effect is mediated indirectly by decreasing its promoter activity.[6]

Role in cancer

As reviewed by Kovacevic et al.,[10] NDRG1 is a potent, iron-regulated growth and metastasis suppressor that was found to be negatively correlated with cancer progression in a number of tumors, including prostate, pancreatic, breast, and colon cancers. NDRG1 has marked anti-oncogenic activity, being associated with decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. The molecular functions of NDRG1 affect numerous signaling pathways that regulate cancer cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and migration. Specifically, NDRG1 inhibits the oncogenic RAS, c-Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), WNT, ROCK1/pMLC2, and nuclear factor-light chain enhancer of activated B cell (NF-B) pathways, while promoting expression of key tumor-suppressive molecules including phosphatase and tensin homolog, E-cadherin, and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4). Through its effects on E-cadherin and beta-catenin, which form the adherens junction and promote cell adhesion, NDRG1 also inhibits the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, an initial key step in metastasis.

Functions in DNA repair and aging

In one of its functions at a molecular level, NDRG1 binds and stabilizes methyltransferases, chiefly O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT),[11] a DNA repair protein. Thus, higher expression of NDRG1 can promote MGMT protein stability and activity. Dominick et al.[12] showed NDRG1 and MGMT protein expression was increased by 2-fold to 3-fold for each of three strains of mice (Snell, GHKRO, and PAPPA-KO) with increased longevity. These authors strongly suggest a link between the increase in the MGMT DNA repair pathway and a delay in the aging process in these mouse strains. This is consistent with the DNA damage theory of aging.

Role in immune system

The NDRG1 plays an important role in allergy and anaphylaxis, defence against bacterial pathogens and bacterial clearance, inflammation and wound healing. In mast cells, NDRG1 is upregulated during maturation and helps to rapid degranulation, which leads to enhanced exocytosis in response to various stimuli.[13] Also was shown its role in T-cell clonal anergy downstream of Egr2, where NDRG1 is upregulated in the absence of costimulation to inhibit subsequent re-activation of T cells by TCR and CD28 signalling.[14]

References

  1. ↑ "A novel gene which is up-regulated during colon epithelial cell differentiation and down-regulated in colorectal neoplasms". Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology 77 (1): 85–92. July 1997. PMID 9251681. 
  2. ↑ "Homocysteine-respondent genes in vascular endothelial cells identified by differential display analysis. GRP78/BiP and novel genes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 (47): 29659–65. November 1996. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.47.29659. PMID 8939898. 
  3. ↑ "Human differentiation-related gene NDRG1 is a Myc downstream-regulated gene that is repressed by Myc on the core promoter region". Gene 417 (1–2): 5–12. July 2008. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.03.002. PMID 18455888. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Entrez Gene: NDRG1 N-myc downstream regulated gene 1". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10397. 
  5. ↑ Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp, ed (September 2007). "The N-Myc down regulated Gene1 (NDRG1) Is a Rab4a effector involved in vesicular recycling of E-cadherin". PLOS ONE 2 (9): e844. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000844. PMID 17786215. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2..844K.  open access
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Molecular functions of the iron-regulated metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, and its potential as a molecular target for cancer therapy". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer 1845 (1): 1–19. January 2014. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.11.002. PMID 24269900. 
  7. ↑ "Two mechanisms involving the autophagic and proteasomal pathways process the metastasis suppressor protein, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1865 (6): 1361–1378. June 2019. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.02.008. PMID 30763642. 
  8. ↑ "Metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, mediates its activity through signaling pathways and molecular motors". Carcinogenesis 34 (9): 1943–54. September 2013. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgt163. PMID 23671130. 
  9. ↑ "Pharmacological targeting and the diverse functions of the metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, in cancer". Free Radical Biology & Medicine 157: 154–175. May 2019. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.020. PMID 31132412. 
  10. ↑ "The Metastasis Suppressor, N-MYC Downstream-regulated Gene-1 (NDRG1), Down-regulates the ErbB Family of Receptors to Inhibit Downstream Oncogenic Signaling Pathways". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 291 (3): 1029–52. January 2016. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.689653. PMID 26534963. 
  11. ↑ "mTOR target NDRG1 confers MGMT-dependent resistance to alkylating chemotherapy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (1): 409–14. January 2014. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314469111. PMID 24367102. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111..409W. 
  12. ↑ "mTOR regulates the expression of DNA damage response enzymes in long-lived Snell dwarf, GHRKO, and PAPPA-KO mice". Aging Cell 16 (1): 52–60. February 2017. doi:10.1111/acel.12525. PMID 27618784. 
  13. ↑ "The metastasis suppressor, Ndrg-1: a new ally in the fight against cancer". Carcinogenesis 27 (12): 2355–66. December 2006. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl146. PMID 16920733. 
  14. ↑ "Ndrg1 is a T-cell clonal anergy factor negatively regulated by CD28 costimulation and interleukin-2". Nature Communications 6 (1): 8698. October 2015. doi:10.1038/ncomms9698. PMID 26507712. Bibcode: 2015NatCo...6.8698O. 

Further reading

External links



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