Biology:New Zealand raven
| New Zealand raven Temporal range: Late Pleistocene-Holocene
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|---|---|
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| Skull of Corvus antipodum pycrofti | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Corvidae |
| Genus: | Corvus |
| Species: | C. antipodum
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| Binomial name | |
| Corvus antipodum (Forbes, 1893)
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The New Zealand raven (Corvus antipodum) was native to the North Island and South Island of New Zealand but has been extinct since the 16th century. There were two subspecies: the North Island raven (Corvus antipodum antipodum) and the South Island raven (Corvus antipodum pycrofti). Another closely related species, the Chatham raven (Corvus moriorum), occurred on the Chatham Islands.
The holotype of the South Island raven (Corvus antipodum pycrofti) is in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.[1]
New Zealand ravens were large corvids with long, broad bills that were not as arched as those of some of the Hawaiian crows (Corvus hawaiiensis). They were significantly smaller than the Chatham Island raven, and the South Island subspecies was rather larger than the North Island subspecies.
Remains of New Zealand ravens are most common in Pleistocene and Holocene coastal sites. On the coast, it may have frequented seal and penguin colonies or fed in the intertidal zone, as does the Tasmanian forest raven Corvus tasmanicus. It may also have depended on fruit, like the New Caledonian crow Corvus moneduloides, but it is difficult to understand why a fruit eater would have been most common in coastal forest and shrubland when fruit was distributed throughout the forest.
DNA evidence suggests that its closest relatives aside from the Chatham raven is the clade containing the forest raven, little raven and Australian raven, from which it split around 2 million years ago. The morphology and ossification of the palate is unusual among corvids, suggesting a unique dietary adaption, perhaps for scavenging large hard food items.[2]
A late Holocene fossil bone of Corvus antipodum was found on Enderby Island in 1964 by New Zealand biologist Elliot Dawson. It is the only authentic record of a corvid in the New Zealand Auckland Islands and is thought to represent an individual bird that reached the Auckland Islands as a vagrant.[3]
Gallery
Corvus antipodum pycrafti holotype
Corvus antipodum bones collected from the Aupouri Peninsula
Underside view of Corvus antipodum pycrafti skull
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See also
- List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species
- List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene
References
- ↑ "Corvus antipodum pycrafti; holotype; paratype". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=684351. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ↑ Scofield, R. Paul; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Wood, Jamie R.; De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Jarvie, Scott; Llamas, Bastien; Cooper, Alan (January 2017). "The origin and phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand ravens" (in en). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 106: 136–143. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.022. PMID 27677399.
- ↑ Dawson, Elliot Watson (2020-01-01). "An extinct New Zealand raven (Corvus antipodum) on the Auckland Islands - an osteographic enigma?" (in English). Notornis 67 (1): 295–297. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124157208.
- Gill, B. J. 2003. "Osteometry and systematics of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 43–58.
- Worthy, T.H., Holdaway R.N., 2002, The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. ISBN:0-253-34034-9.
External links
- New Zealand Raven. Corvus antipodum. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
- The Extinction Website
Wikidata ☰ Q1892017 entry
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