Biology:Ophiocistioidea
Ophiocistioidea is a class of extinct echinoderms from the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic.[1] They most likely form a paraphyletic grade along sea cucumber stem lineage,[2] although some sources still consider the question of ophiocistioid monophyly unresolved.[3]
Etymology
Ophiocistioidea is named from the Greek words ὄφις (ophis) "snake" and κίστη (kiste) "box".[4]
Anatomy
Ophiocistioids had a flattened globular body encased in a solid test of calcareous plates, similar to that of a modern sea urchin. As with sea urchins, the mouth faced downwards and contains a structure known as an Aristotle's lantern. Unlike sea urchins, the anus was laterally placed rather than being at the center of the upper surface. Five ambulacra radiated outwards from the mouth across the lower surface, but only continued around the edge to just under the level of the anus. The madreporite was to one side of the mouth.[5] Ophiocistioids had unusually long tube feet emerging from near the mouth and around the edges of the body. Unlike the tube feet of other echinoderms, these tube feet were covered in stereom plates.[6]
Phylogeny
The skeletal structure, close to that of sea urchins (and sea cucumbers for some soft species[7]), often places these animals in Echinozoa.[8] However, the data are still insufficient to finally decide on this case:[9] the study of particularly well-preserved fossils suggests that Ophiocistioidea could be the ancestor group of sea cucumbers.[10]
At present, about 40 species have been identified[8] (10 are from the Devonian, which seems to be the golden age of this group[8]), categorized into 17 genera and 6 families. Most of the fossils have been found in North America and Europe, with some in Australia.[9]
- List of families and genera from Reich & Haude (2004)[8]
- Family Volchoviidae Hecker, 1938
- genus Volchovia Hecker, 1938
- Family Eucladidae Gregory, 1896
- genus Eucladia Woodward, 1869
- genus Anguloserra Haude & Langenstrassen, 1976
- Family Sollasinidae Fedotov, 1926
- genus Sollasina Fedotov, 1926
- genus Euthemon Sollas, 1899
- genus Cardioserra Romanek, 1984
- genus Klukovicella Prokop & Petr, 1987
- Family Rhenosquamidae Richter, 1930
- genus Rhenosquama Richter, 1930
- genus Gillocystis Jell, 1983
- Famille Rotasacciidae Haude & Langenstrassen, 1976
- genus Rotasaccus Haude & Langenstrassen, 1976 [ 1976b]
- genus Erisserra Boczarowski,2001
- genus Longiserra Boczarowski, 2001
- genus Ornatoserra Boczarowski, 2001
- genus Pararotasaccus Kozur &Mostler, 1989
- Family Linguaserridae Reich & Haude 2004
- genus Linguaserra Langer, 1991
Gallery
-
reconstruction of Euthemon sp. (Sollasinidae). -
reconstruction of Volchovia mobilis (Volchoviidae)
See also
References
- ↑ Reich et al. 2018
- ↑ Rahman et al. 2019, pp. 4–6
- ↑ Nanglu et al. 2023, p. 331
- ↑ Ubaghs 1966
- ↑ Smith & Reich 2013, pp. 677–678
- ↑ Rahman et al. 2019, pp. 2–4
- ↑ Haude, R. (2004). "Mode of life of ophiocistioids (Echinozoa) according to plated and "naked" forms in the Rhenish Devonian" (in en). pp. 409–416. doi:10.1201/9780203970881.ch67. http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9780203970881.ch67..
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Reich, M.; Haude, R. (2004). "Ophiocistioidea (fossil Echinodermata): an overview" (in en). http://www.geomuseum.uni-goettingen.de/people/mreich/pdf/PDFs/51_Reich%20&%20Haude_2004_Ophiocistioidea.pdf..
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMah - ↑ "A new ophiocistioid with soft-tissue preservation from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte, and the evolution of the holothurian body plan" (in en). 2019. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2792. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2018.2792..
Works cited
- Nanglu, Karma; Cole, Selina R.; Wright, David F.; Souto, Camilla (2023). "Worms and gills, plates and spines: the evolutionary origins and incredible disparity of deuterostomes revealed by fossils, genes, and development". Biological Reviews 98 (1): 316–351. doi:10.1111/brv.12908. PMID 36257784.
- Rahman, Imran R.; Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Siveter, David J.; Siveter, Derek J.; Sutton, Mark D. (2019). "A new ophiocistioid with soft-tissue preservation from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte, and the evolution of the holothurian body plan". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286 (1900). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2792. PMID 30966985.
- Reich, M.; Haude, R. (2004). "Ophiocistioidea (fossil Echinodermata): an overview". Echinoderms: München. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 489–494. doi:10.1201/9780203970881.ch82.
- Reich, Mike; Stegemann, Tanja R.; Hausmann, Imelda M.; Roden, Vanessa J.; Nützel, Alexander (2018). "The youngest ophiocistioid: a first Palaeozoic-type echinoderm group representative from the Mesozoic". Palaeontology 61 (6): 803–811. doi:10.1111/pala.12392.
- Smith, Andrew B.; Reich, Mike (2013). "Tracing the evolution of the holothurian body plan through stem-group fossils". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 109 (3): 670–681. doi:10.1111/bij.12073.
- Ubaghs, Georges (1966). "Ophiocistioids". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U: Echinodermata 3. University of Kansas Press. pp. U174–U188. https://journals.ku.edu/InvertebratePaleo/issue/view/521. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
Wikidata ☰ Q7097934 entry
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