Biology:Osteoglossiformes
Osteoglossiformes /ˌɒstiːoʊˈɡlɒsɪfɔːrmiːz/, meaning "bony tongues" in Ancient Greek, is a relatively primitive order of ray-finned fish that contains two sub-orders, the Osteoglossoidei and the Notopteroidei. All of at least 245 living species inhabit freshwater. They are found in South America, Africa, Australia and southern Asia, having first evolved in Gondwana before that continent broke up.[1] In 2008, several new species of marine osteoglossiforms were described from the Danish Eocene Fur Formation, dramatically increasing the diversity of this group. This implies that the Osteoglossomorpha is not a primary freshwater fish group with the osteoglossiforms having a typical Gondwana distribution.[2]
The Gymnarchidae (the only species being Gymnarchus niloticus, the African knifefish[3]) and the Mormyridae[4] are weakly electric fish able to sense their prey using electric fields.
The mooneyes (Hiodontidae) are often classified here, but may also be placed in a separate order, Hiodontiformes.
Members of the order are notable for having toothed or bony tongues, and for having the forward part of the gastrointestinal tract pass to the left of the oesophagus and stomach (for all other fish it passes to the right). In other respects, osteoglossiform fishes vary considerably in size and form; the smallest is Pollimyrus castelnaui, at just 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long, while the largest, the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), reaches as much as 2.5 metres (8.2 ft).[1]
Phylogeny
Phylogeny based on the following works:[5][6][7]
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Families
Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes does not recognise suborders within the order Osteoglossiformes and recognises the following families:[8]
- Family Pantodontidae Peters, 1876 (freshwater butterfly fishes)
- Family Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1845 (bonytongues)
- Family Arapaimidae Bonaparte, 1846 (arapaimas)
- Family Notopteridae Bleeker, 1851 (featherfin knifefishes or featherbacks)
- Subfamily Notopterinae Bleeker, 1851 (Asiatic featherbacks)
- Subfamily Xenomystinae Greenwood, 1963 (African knifefishes)
- Family Mormyridae Bonaparte, 1831 (elephantfishes)
- Family Gymnarchidae Bleeker, 1859 (abas)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Greenwood, P.H.; Wilson, M.V. (1998). Paxton, J.R.. ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 81–84. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
- ↑ Bonde, Niels (January 2008). "Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark – with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography" (in en). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 295 (1): 253–310. doi:10.1144/SP295.14. ISSN 0305-8719. https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP295.14.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). "Gymnarchus niloticus" in FishBase. April 2014 version.
- ↑ Greenwood, P.H.; Wilson, M.V. (1998). Paxton, J.R.. ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
- ↑ Betancur-Rodriguez, R. (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". https://sites.google.com/site/guilleorti/classification-v-4.
- ↑ Lavoué, SéBastien; Sullivan, John P.; Hopkins, Carl D. (January 2003). "Phylogenetic utility of the first two introns of the S7 ribosomal protein gene in African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and congruence with other molecular markers: PHYLOGENETIC UTILITY OF THE S7 INTRONS" (in en). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78 (2): 273–292. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00170.x. https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/78/2/273/2639855.
- ↑ Sullivan, J. P.; Lavoué, S.; Hopkins, C. D. (February 2000). "Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs". The Journal of Experimental Biology 203 (Pt 4): 665–683. doi:10.1242/jeb.203.4.665. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 10648209. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10648209.
- ↑ "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification". California Academy of Sciences. https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification.
External links
- Osteoglossiforms for aquaria
- Li, Guo-Qing and Wilson, Mark V. H. 1998. Osteoglossomorpha. Bonytongues. Version 6 October 1998. [1] in The Tree of Life Web Project
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Template:Actinopterygii Template:Osteoglossomorpha Wikidata ☰ Q48407 entry
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