Biology:Panagrolaimus superbus
| Panagrolaimus superbus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nematoda |
| Class: | Secernentea |
| Order: | Tylenchida |
| Family: | Panagrolaimidae |
| Genus: | Panagrolaimus |
| Species: | P. superbus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Panagrolaimus superbus Fuchs, 1930[1]
| |
Panagrolaimus superbus is a species of terrestrial free-living nematode (roundworm). P. superbus, like other species within the Panagrolaimus genus, exhibits the ability to enter anhydrobiosis for extended periods of time.[2]
Ecology
P. superbus is a non-parasitic terrestrial bacterivore, commonly found on grasses such as rye.[3][4] It is found in continental Europe, as well as Surtsey, Iceland.[5][3]
Metabolism
In order to combat rapid desiccation, P. superbus has several constitutive genes that allow the accumulation of trehalose, even under normal metabolic circumstances, that acts as a protective layer and an intracellular protection mechanism.[5][6] P. superbus also has several inducible genes that upregulate in response to desiccation, genes responsible for enzymes such as gpx, dj1 and 1 Cys-Prx to help scavenge and reduce reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinases that phosphorylate heat shock proteins such as Hsp27 to stabilise microfilaments, and casein kinase 2 that helps in DNA repair, among others.[7] P. superbus's ability to enter anhydriobiosis has given it polyextremotolerance, a tolerance of various extreme environments, being the first multi-cellular organism able to withstand immersion and reproduce in heavy water, albeit with a reduced metabolic rate, withstand immersion in gallium, and tolerate g-forces up to 400,000 times the Earth's.[8][9][10]
References
- ↑ "Panagrolaimus superbus". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=583295.
- ↑ "Systemic RNAi mediated gene silencing in the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus". BMC Molecular Biology 9 (58): 58. 19 June 2008. doi:10.1186/1471-2199-9-58. PMID 18565215.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Life cycle and calculation of the intrinsic rate of natural increase of two bacterivorous nematodes, Panagrolaimus sp. and Poikilolaimus sp. from chemoautotrophic Movile Cave, Romania". Nematology 9 (2): 271–284. 2007. doi:10.1163/156854107780739117. https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854107780739117. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ↑ "Heavy metal biomineralization in free-living nematodes, Panagrolaimus spp.". Materials Science and Engineering C 6 (1): 47–51. September 1998. doi:10.1016/S0928-4931(98)00034-4.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The anhydrobiotic potential and molecular phylogenetics of species and strains of Panagrolaimus (Nematoda, Panagrolaimidae)". The Journal of Experimental Biology 208 (12): 2433–2445. 15 June 2005. doi:10.1242/jeb.01629. PMID 15939782. https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/208/12/2433/15501/The-anhydrobiotic-potential-and-molecular. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ↑ Liang, Wenju, ed (6 March 2015). "Anhydrobiosis and Freezing-Tolerance: Adaptations That Facilitate the Establishment of Panagrolaimus Nematodes in Polar Habitats". PLOS One 10 (3): e0116084. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116084. PMID 25747673. PMC 4352009. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1016084M. https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC4352009&blobtype=pdf. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ↑ "A molecular analysis of desiccation tolerance mechanisms in the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus using expressed sequenced tags". BMC Research Notes 5: 68. 26 January 2012. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-68. PMID 22281184.
- ↑ "Survival potential of the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus submitted to extreme abiotic stresses". ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal 14 (1): 85–93. 28 March 2017. doi:10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.85-93. https://www.isj.unimore.it/index.php/ISJ/article/view/27/330. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ↑ "An Animal Able To Tolerate D2O". ChemBioChem 22 (6): 988–991. 30 October 2022. doi:10.1002/cbic.202000642. PMID 33125805.
- ↑ "Panagrolaimus superbus tolerates hypoxia within Gallium metal cage: implications for the understanding of the phenomenon of anhydrobiosis". The Journal of Nematology 52 (52): 1–6. 18 May 2020. doi:10.21307/jofnem-2020-046. PMID 32421263.
Wikidata ☰ Q13994083 entry
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