Biology:Panax

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The Panax (ginseng) genus belongs to the Araliaceae[1] (ivy) family. Panax species are characterized by the presence of ginsenosides and gintonin. Panax is one of approximately 60 plant genera with a classical disjunct east Asian and east North American distribution.[2] Furthermore, this disjunct distribution is asymmetric as only two of the ~18 species in genus are native to North America.

Etymology

American ginseng at Monk Garden in Wisconsin .

Panax species

Genus Panax[3]

Subgenus Panax
Section Panax
Series Notoginseng
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen (san qi, tian qi or tien chi)
Series Panax
Panax arunachalensis Taram, A.P.Das & Tag (Arunachal Pradesh)[4][5]
Panax assamicus (Assam Ginseng) [6]
Panax bipinnatifidus Seem. ("Bipinnatifid")[7]
var. angustifolius (Burkill) J.Wen ("Narrow-leaved")
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Asian ginseng, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng, Asiatic ginseng, Oriental ginseng)[8]
Panax japonicus (T.Nees) C.A.Mey. (Japanese ginseng)[9][10][11]
Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng) – – Eastern North America
Panax sokpayensis Shiva K.Sharma & Pandit (Skiikm Himalaya / Sokpa)[12]
Panax siamensis J. Wen, 2023 (Siamese)
Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv. (Vietnamese)
Panax wangianus S.C.Sun (Wang's) – Range: Arunachal Pradesh to China (Sichuan)[13]
Panax zingiberensis C.Y.Wu & Feng ("Ginger-shaped")
Section Pseudoginseng
Panax pseudoginseng Wall. ("Pseudoginseng")
Panax stipuleanatus H.T.Tsai & K.M.Feng ("Stipuled")[14][15]
Subgenus Trifolius
Panax trifolius L. ("Trefoil") – Eastern North America

Hybrids:

  • Panax ginseng × Panax quinquifolius (F1 male sterile, roots bigger than parents)[16]
  • Panax japonicus f. typicum × Panax quinquifolius[17]

Phylogeny

Based on chloroplast genomes (Manzanilla et al. 2018 and Xia et al. 2025):[18][19]

 

Aralia

 
 
 

P. trifolius

 
 
 
 

P. bipinnatifidus

 
 

P. stipuleanatus

 
 
 
 
 

P. quinquefolius

 
 

P. ginseng

 
 
 
 

P. notoginseng

 
 
 
 

P. pseudoginseng

 
 
 

P. japonicus

 
 

P. major

 
 
 
 
 

P. wangianus

 
 
 

P. zingiberensis

 
 

P. vietnamensis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
subg. Trifolius
ser. Panax
sect. Pseudoginseng
ser. Panax
ser. Notoginseng
sect. Pseudoginseng
ser. Panax
 

Note: Plants of the World Online treats P. major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu & K. M. Feng as a junior synonym of P. bipinnatifidus. Flora of China treats it as P. japonicus var. major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu & K. M. Feng.[20]

References

  1. ↑ "Ivy Family - Araliaceae - Common names". Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/5432/names/common_names. Retrieved 2018-07-14. 
  2. ↑ Zuo, Yun-Juan; Wen, Jun; Ma, Jin-Shuang; Zhou, Shi-Liang (2015). "Evolutionary radiation of the Panax bipinnatifidus species complex (Araliaceae) in the Sino-Himalayan region of eastern Asia as inferred from AFLP analysis" (in en). Journal of Systematics and Evolution 53 (3): 210–220. doi:10.1111/jse.12119. ISSN 1759-6831. Bibcode: 2015JSyEv..53..210Z. 
  3. ↑ "Panax L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" (in en). https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3070-1. 
  4. ↑ "Panax arunachalensis Taram, A.P.Das & Tag". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77206369-1. 
  5. ↑ Taram, Momang; Das, A.P.; Tag, Hui (2018). "A new species of Panax L. (Araliaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India". Pleione 12 (2): 315–321. doi:10.26679/Pleione.12.2.2018.315-321. 
  6. ↑ "Panax Assamicus". https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:91404-1. 
  7. ↑ "Panax bipinnatifidus Seem. — The Plant List". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-146641. 
  8. ↑ "Asian Ginseng". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). September 2016. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/asianginseng/ataglance.htm. 
  9. ↑ Rai, Amit; Yamazaki, Mami; Takahashi, Hiroki; Nakamura, Michimi; Kojoma, Mareshige; Suzuki, Hideyuki; Saito, Kazuki (2016). "RNA-seq Transcriptome Analysis of Panax japonicus, and Its Comparison with Other Panax Species to Identify Potential Genes Involved in the Saponins Biosynthesis". Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 481. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00481. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 27148308. Bibcode: 2016FrPS....7..481R. 
  10. ↑ "Japanese ginseng". TheFreeDictionary.com. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Japanese+ginseng. 
  11. ↑ Plantae Medicinales oder Sammlung offizineller Pflanzen.. 
  12. ↑ Sharma, Shiva Kumar; Pandit, Maharaj Krishan (2009). "A New Species of Panax L. (Araliaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya, India". Systematic Botany 34 (2): 434–438. doi:10.1600/036364409788606235. Bibcode: 2009SysBo..34..434S. 
  13. ↑ "Panax wangianus S.C.Sun — The Plant List". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-146827. 
  14. ↑ "Panax stipuleanatus H.T.Tsai & K.M.Feng — The Plant List". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-146811. 
  15. ↑ Trieu, Le Ngoc; Mien, Nguyen Tuong; Van Tien, Tran; Van Ket, Nguyen; Van Duy, Nong (16 March 2016). "Genetic diversity of Tsai in North Vietnam detected by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers". Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 30 (3): 506–511. doi:10.1080/13102818.2016.1157448. 
  16. ↑ Kim, Jong Youn; Adhikari, Prakash Babu; Ahn, Chang Ho; Kim, Dong Hwi; Chang Kim, Young; Han, Jung Yeon; Kondeti, Subramanyam; Choi, Yong Eui (2019). "High frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of interspecific ginseng hybrid between Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius". Journal of Ginseng Research 43 (1): 38–48. doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.08.002. PMID 30662292. 
  17. ↑ Kuriyama, H. (1950). "The cytological studies on the interspecific hybrid of Panax". Japanese Journal of Crop Science 19 (1–2): 209–213. doi:10.1626/jcs.19.209. 
  18. ↑ Manzanilla, V.; Kool, A.; Nguyen Nhat, L.; Nong Van, H.; Le Thi Thu, H.; de Boer, H. J. (December 2018). "Phylogenomics and barcoding of Panax: toward the identification of ginseng species". BMC Evolutionary Biology 18 (1): 44. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1160-y. PMID 29614961. Bibcode: 2018BMCEE..18...44M. 
  19. ↑ Xia, Pengguo; Huang, Yang; Zhu, Junqiao (January 2025). "The complete chloroplast genome sequences of 11 Panax species: Providing insights for evolution and species identification". Industrial Crops and Products 223. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120160. 
  20. ↑ "Panax japonicus var. major in Flora of China @ efloras.org". http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015250. 

Wikidata ☰ Q7213683 entry Template:Ginseng




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