Biology:Peltigera

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Peltigera is a genus of approximately 100 species of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae.[1] Commonly known as the dog or pelt lichens, species of Peltigera are often terricolous (growing on soil), but can also occur on moss, trees, rocks, and many other substrates in many parts of the world.[2]

Most species of Peltigera have the cyanobacterium Nostoc as the dominant photobiont but some have the algae Coccomyxa. The presence of both a green alga and a cyanobacterium makes some tripartite; in this case they show cephalodium growths containing the third partner, Nostoc. Because of their ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, such lichens are influential in soil composition and generation.

Description

Species of Peltigera are foliose, with broad lobed thalli. Although the size of the thalli is variable and species-dependent, in some species the thalli can grow quite large, up to 30 cm in diameter.[3] The color of the upper surface may range from drab gray, brown or greenish. Lower surfaces are typically without a cortex (unlike other foliose lichens),[4] and cottony, often with fungal hyphae fused to form a network of veins. The reproductive structures isidia, soredia or [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] may be present in some species.[5] All species of Peltigera associate with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Nostoc.[6]

Peltigera can be distinguished from the equally large and leaf-like lichen, Nephroma, by its veined lower cortex; Nephroma, by contrast, has a smooth, unveined lower cortex.[7]

Habitat

Peltigera are mainly ground-dwelling, but can also be found on mosses or dead wood.[7] Some species are used as forest succession indicators.

Taxonomy

In 1753, Carl Linnaeus first described the species Lichen apthosus and L. caninus back when all known lichens were grouped into the genus Lichen.[8] Later, in 1787, Carl Ludwig Willdenow circumscribed the genus Peltigera, and redescribed P. aphthosa and P. canina.[9]

The generic name is derived from the Latin language pelta (small shield), and refers to the shield-shaped thallus in these species. The common name, the dog lichen, refers to the perceived resemblance of P. caninus to a dog.[10]

Phylogeny

In a comparative analysis of both morphological and chemical characteristics as well as sequences of large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA, it was shown that the genus Peltigera is monophyletic.[11] Several species, such as P. canina, have been changed to a group as there appears to be several species clustered under a single name.

Recent taxonomic work has led to the consolidation of three previously recognized aquatic Peltigera species (P. hydrothyria, P. gowardii, and P. aquatica) into a single species with three varieties. According to Bruce McCune and Daphne Stone (2022), while molecular analysis showed three distinct genetic clades, maintaining them as separate species proved impractical for conservation and research purposes. This was because P. gowardii and P. aquatica, which occur together in western North America, are indistinguishable without DNA sequencing. The difficulty in identifying specimens to species level effectively stalled data collection, with most specimens remaining classified only as P. hydrothyria sensu lato. To resolve this issue while preserving information about genetic diversity, the three taxa were reclassified as P. hydrothyria var. hydrothyria (eastern North America), P. hydrothyria var. gowardii (western), and P. hydrothyria var. aquatica (western). This taxonomic solution allows for practical field identification while still acknowledging the genetic differences between populations.[12]

Distribution

The Peltigera have a widespread distribution, and are found on all continents. There are 34 North American species,[13] 30 European species,[3] 25 species from South America, and 16 species from New Zealand.[2][14] There are 27 Peltigera species that have been recorded from China.[15]

Ecology

Peltigera lichens host diverse microbial communities, functioning as miniature ecosystems rather than simple dual partnerships. A cross-continental metabarcoding study found that geography, rather than host identity, explained more of the variation in the fungal community within the thallus (the mycobiome); Peltigera also showed a "nested" pattern, with many thalli sharing a common subset of resident fungi. The assemblage was mostly Ascomycota (e.g., Dothideomycetes such as Capnodiales) with a consistent Basidiomycota component, and a small recurring core that included the basidiomycete yeast Cutaneotrichosporon debeurmannianum alongside Dothideomycete and Chaetothyriomycete lineages.[16] Consistent with this, other work shows that Peltigera species harbour rich communities of basidiomycete yeasts; for example, P. rufescens has yielded over 90 yeast isolates representing 18 taxa, and soils appear to act as local reservoirs from which these symbionts are acquired.[17]

The yeasts associated with Peltigera belong to several major taxonomic groups, including members of the classes Tremellomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, and other basidiomycetes. Many of these yeasts are psychrotolerant, showing adaptations to cold environments, which may enhance the lichens' ability to survive in harsh conditions. This characteristic likely contributes to the successful colonisation of various habitats by Peltigera species, particularly in temperate and cold regions where they are commonly found. Studies have shown that these yeasts can maintain metabolic activity even at low temperatures, potentially supporting the lichen's overall survival and ecological functionality.[17]

The relationship between Peltigera and its microbial communities appears to vary across different environments and species. Research in southern Chile has demonstrated that Peltigera lichens can enhance gamma diversity across landscapes by functioning as island-like habitats that support specialised bacteria and yeasts. This suggests that Peltigera species play a broader ecological role beyond their own survival, contributing to local microbial biodiversity patterns and ecosystem processes. While the specific functions of many associated microorganisms remain under investigation, this complex microbial diversity likely contributes to the ecological resilience of Peltigera species across different environments and may help explain their successful colonisation of diverse habitats worldwide.[17]

Species

Peltigera aphthosa
Peltigera cinnamomea
Peltigera hydrothyria var. gowardii
Peltigera leucophlebia
Peltigera malacea
Peltigera membranacea
  • Peltigera alkalicola Kaasalainen (2022)[18] – Tanzania
  • Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. (1787)
  • Peltigera appalachiensis Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera asiatica Magain, Goffinet, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera borealis Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera borinquensis Magain, Merc.-Díaz, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera britannica (Gyeln.) Holt.-Hartw. & Tønsberg (1983)
  • Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. (1787)
  • Peltigera castanea Goward, Goffinet & Miądl. (2003)[20]
  • Peltigera chabanenkoae Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera chionophila Goward & Goffinet (2000)[21] – North America
  • Peltigera cinnamomea Goward (1995)[22] – northwestern North America
  • Peltigera clathrata Magain, Goward, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad. (1801)
  • Peltigera degenii Gyeln. (1927)
  • Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R.Laundon (1984)
  • Peltigera dilacerata (Gyeln.) Gyeln. (1932)
  • Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl. (1888)
  • Peltigera elisabethae Gyeln. (1927)[23]
  • Peltigera elixii Magain, Goffinet, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera esslingeri Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera evansiana Gyeln. (1931)
  • Peltigera extenuata (Nyl. ex Vain.) Lojka (1886)
  • Peltigera fibrilloides (Gyeln.) Vitik. (1998)
  • Peltigera fimbriata Vitik., Sérus., Goffinet & Miądl. (2009)[24] – Papua New Guinea
  • Peltigera flabellae Magain, Goward, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera frigida R.Sant. (1944)[25]
  • Peltigera frippii Holt.-Hartw. (1988)[26] – Norway
  • Peltigera gallowayi Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera globulata Miądl. & Magain (2023)[27]
  • Peltigera granulosa Sérus., Goffinet, Miądl. & Vitik. (2009)[24] – Papua New Guinea
  • Peltigera hawaiiensis Vitik., Magain, Miadl., & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera hokkaidoensis Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera holtanhartwigii Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg. (1790)
  • Peltigera hydrophila W.R.Buck, J.Miadlikowska & N.Magain (2020)[28] – Chile
  • Peltigera hydrothyria Miądl. & Lutzoni (2000)
  • Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise (1830)
  • Peltigera isidiophora L.F.Han & S.Y.Guo (2015)[15] – China
  • Peltigera islandica T.Goward & S.S.Manoharan-Basil (2016)[29] – Iceland
  • Peltigera itatiaiae Magain, Miądl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera jonii Timdal & Gjerlaug (2023)[30] – Europe
  • Peltigera koponenii Sérus., Goffinet, Miądl. & Vitik. (2009)[24] – Papua New Guinea
  • Peltigera kristinssonii Vitik. (1985)[31] – Iceland
  • Peltigera kukwae Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera lactucifolia (With.) J.R.Laundon (1984)
  • Peltigera lairdii C.W.Dodge & E.D.Rudolph (1955)[32] – Antarctica
  • Peltigera latiloba Holt.-Hartw. (2005)[33] – Alaska (USA); Norway
  • Peltigera lepidophora (Vain.) Bitter (1904)
  • Peltigera leptoderma Nyl. (1860)[34]
  • Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln. (1926)
  • Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Funck (1827)
  • Peltigera massonii Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera melanorrhiza Purvis, P.James & Vitik. (1993)[19]
  • Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl. (1887)
  • Peltigera mikado Magain, Goffinet, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera montis-wilhelmii Sérus., Goffinet, Miądl. & Vitik. (2009)[24] – Papua New Guinea
  • Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll.Arg. (1862)
  • Peltigera neodegenii L.F.Han, S.Y.Guo & X.M.Xu (2018)[35] – China
  • Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyeln.) Gyeln. (1932)
  • Peltigera neorufescens Goward & Manoharan-Basil (2016)
  • Peltigera nigriventris Magain, Goward, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera occidentalis (E.Dahl) Kristinsson (1968)
  • Peltigera orientalis Magain, Jüriado, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera pacifica Vitik. (1985)[31] – Canada
  • Peltigera papuana Sérus., Goffinet, Miądl. & Vitik. (2009)[24] – Papua New Guinea
  • Peltigera phyllidiosa Goffinet & Miądl. (1999)[36]
  • Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm. (1789)
  • Peltigera ponojensis Gyeln. (1931)
  • Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf (1909)
  • Peltigera pulverulenta (Taylor) Nyl. (1860)
  • Peltigera pusilla (Fr.) Körb. (1855)
  • Peltigera rangiferina Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera retifoveata Vitik. (1985)[31] – Finland
  • Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. (1793)
  • Peltigera rufescentiformis (Gyeln.) C.W.Dodge (1964)
  • Peltigera scabrosa Th.Fr. (1860)[37]
  • Peltigera scabrosella Holt.-Hartw. (1988)[26] – Norway
  • Peltigera seneca Magain, Miądl. & Sérus. (2016)[38]
  • Peltigera serusiauxii Magain, Miadl., Goffinet & Ant. Simon (2020)[39]
  • Peltigera shennongjiana Han & Guo (2016)[40] – China
  • Peltigera sipmanii Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera sorediifera (Nyl.) Vitik. (2008)
  • Peltigera stanleyensis Magain, Goffinet, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera subhorizontalis Gyeln. (1932)
  • Peltigera tartarea (Llano) Vitik. (2006)
  • Peltigera tereziana Gyeln. (1928)[41]
  • Peltigera ulcerata Müll.Arg. (1880)
  • Peltigera vainioi Gyeln. (1928)[42]
  • Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm. (1789)
  • Peltigera vitikainenii Magain, Miadl., Goward & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera weberi Sérus., Goffinet, Miądl. & Vitik. (2009)[24] – Papua New Guinea
  • Peltigera willdenowii Magain, Miadl. & Sérus. (2023)[19]
  • Peltigera wulingensis L.F.Han & S.Y.Guo (2013)[43] – Canada; China; Norway; Russia

Uses

Peltigera species have been used historically to treat wounds, urinary disorders, thrush, tuberculosis, and rabies.[10][44][45] P. apthosa was used as a remedy for cough[46] and infantile aphthae.[47] P. furfuracea has shown potent antioxidant activity and reducing power.[48] Similarly, Peltigera specimens from Hawaii and Iceland have also been reported to show pronounced antioxidant activity.[49]

Food source

Although a few reports have described caribou and reindeer feeding on the thalli of Peltigera,[50] in general, species of Peltigera are not commonly used as a food source by mammals.[51][52] A study of the grazing habits of the land snails Cantareus aspersa and Limax species revealed that these snails prefer to eat Peltigera species (such as P. praetextata) that are lacking in secondary metabolites.[53]

Bioactive compounds

Peltigera leucophlebia contains the compounds tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate, which are inhibitory to the enzyme 15-lipoxygenase.[54] Tenuiorin is also known to occur in P. apthosa, P. malacea and P. neckeri.[55] A mixture of methyl and ethyl orsellinates have been identified from P. aphthosa that had antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.[56] The novel non-protein amino acids solorinine and peltigerine have been detected in various species of Peltigera.[57]

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Distribution patterns in the genus Peltigera Willd". The Lichenologist 35 (4): 301–323. 2003. doi:10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00041-0. Bibcode: 2003ThLic..35..301M. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vitikainen O. (1994). (1998). Taxonomic notes on neotropical species of Pelitgera. In: Lichenology in Latin America: history, current knowledge and applications. Edited by M. P. Marcelli, and M.R.D. Seaward. CETESB, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Estado de Sao Paulo. pp. 135-139.
  4. ↑ Fioliose lichens, Lichen Thallus Types, Allan Silverside
  5. ↑ Geiser, Linda; McCune, Bruce (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-87071-394-9. 
  6. ↑ O'Brien, Heath E.; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Lutzoni, François (2005). "Assessing host specialization in symbiotic cyanobacteria associated with four closely related species of the lichen fungus Peltigera". European Journal of Phycology 40 (4): 363–378. doi:10.1080/09670260500342647. Bibcode: 2005EJPhy..40..363O. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "CNALH - Peltigera". https://lichenportal.org/cnalh/taxa/index.php?taxon=Peltigera. 
  8. ↑ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species plantarum. Stockholm.
  9. ↑ Willdenow, C.L. (1787) (in la). Florae Berolinensis Prodromus. Berlin: Impensis Wilhelmi Viewegii. p. 347. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6162913. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sharnoff, Stephen; Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran (2001). Lichens of North America. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08249-5. 
  11. ↑ "Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits". American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 449–464. 2004. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.449. PMID 21653401. http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ade6/50e695f3a147e8468be5ee96bc0c7d801f5d.pdf. 
  12. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Stone, Daphne F. (2022). "Eight new combinations of North American macrolichens". Evansia 39 (3): 123–128. doi:10.1639/0747-9859-39.3.123. 
  13. ↑ "Synopsis of the genus Peltigera (lichenized Ascomycetes) in British Columbia, with a key to the North American species". Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (1): 91–111. 1995. doi:10.1139/b95-012. Bibcode: 1995CaJB...73...91G. 
  14. ↑ Galloway DJ (2000). "The lichen genus Peltigera (Peltigerales:Ascomycota) in New Zealand". Tuhinga 11: 1–45. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Han, Liu-Fu; Zheng, Tian-Xin; Guo, Shou-Yu (2015). "A new species in the lichen genus Peltigera from northern China based on morphology and DNA sequence data". The Bryologist 118 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-118.1.046. 
  16. ↑ Yang, Jiho; Woo, Jung-Jae; Sesal, Cenk; Gökalsın, Barış; Eldem, Vahap; Açıkgöz, Birkan; Başaran, Tunahan Irmak; Kurtuluş, Gamze et al. (2024). "Continental scale comparison of mycobiomes in Parmelia and Peltigera lichens from Turkey and South Korea". BMC Microbiology 24 (1). doi:10.1186/s12866-024-03388-0. PMID 38965478. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Pérez, Yosbany; Almendras, Katerin; Millanes, Ana M.; Serey, Nayla; Yurkov, Andrey; Lizana, Natalia; Nesci, Andrea; Fessia, Aluminé et al. (2024). "Peltigera lichens as sources of uncharacterized cultured basidiomycete yeasts". IMA Fungus 15 (1): e39. doi:10.1186/s43008-024-00170-9. PMID 39633484. 
  18. ↑ Kaasalainen, Ulla; Biermann, Lea; Mollel, Neduvoto P.; Schmidt, Alexander R.; Hemp, Andreas (2022). "Peltigera (Lecanoromycetes) on Mt Kilimanjaro, East Africa". The Lichenologist 54 (5): 231–243. doi:10.1017/S0024282922000184. Bibcode: 2022ThLic..54..231K. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 19.23 19.24 Magain, N.; Miadlikowska, J.; Goffinet, B.; Goward, T.; Pardo-De la Hoz, C.J.; Jüriado, I.; Simon, A.; Mercado-Díaz, J.A. et al. (2023). "High species richness in the lichen genus Peltigera (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): 34 species in the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades of section Polydactylon, including 24 new to science". Persoonia 51: 1–88. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.01. PMID 38665978. 
  20. ↑ Goffinet, Bernard; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Goward, Trevor (2003). "Phylogenetic inferences based on nrDNA sequences support five morphospecies within the Peltigera didactyla complex (lichenized Ascomycota)". The Bryologist 106 (3): 349–364. doi:10.1639/01. 
  21. ↑ Goward, Trevor; Goffinet, Bernard (2000). "Peltigera chionophila, a new lichen (Ascomycetes) from the Western Cordillera of North America". The Bryologist 103 (3): 493–498. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0493:PCANLA2.0.CO;2]. 
  22. ↑ Goward, Trevor; Goffinet, Bernard; Vitikainen, Orvo (1995). "Synopsis of the genus Peltigera (lichenized Ascomycetes) in British Columbia, with a key to the North American species". Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (1): 91–111. doi:10.1139/b95-012. Bibcode: 1995CaJB...73...91G. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237165429. 
  23. ↑ Gyelnik, Vilmos (1927). "Peltigera-Studien" (in de). Botanikai Közlemények 24: 122–141 [135]. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 Sérusiaux, E.; Goffinet, B.; Miadlikowska, J.; Vitikainen, O. (2009). "Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the lichen genus Peltigera in Papua New Guinea". Fungal Diversity 38 (1): 185–224. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228638924. 
  25. ↑ Santesson, R. (1944). "Contribution to the lichen flora of South America". Arkiv før Botanik 31A (7): 1–28 [11]. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Holtan-Hartwig, J. (1988). "Two new species of Peltigera". The Lichenologist 20 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1017/S0024282988000040. Bibcode: 1988ThLic..20...11H. 
  27. ↑ Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Magain, Nicolas; Medeiros, Ian D.; Pardo-De la Hoz, Carlos J.; Carbone, Ignazio; LaGreca, Scott; Barlow, Thomas; Myllys, Leena et al. (2023). "Towards a nomenclatural clarification of the Peltigera ponojensis/monticola clade including metagenomic sequencing of type material and the introduction of P. globulata Miadl. & Magain sp. nov.". The Lichenologist 55 (5): 315–324. doi:10.1017/S0024282923000373. Bibcode: 2023ThLic..55..315M. 
  28. ↑ Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Magain, Nicolas; Buck, William R.; Vargas Castillo, Reinaldo; Barlow, G. Thomas; Pardo-De la Hoz, Carlos J.; LaGreca, Scott; Lutzoni, François (2020). "Peltigera hydrophila (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), a new semi-aquatic cyanolichen species from Chile". Plant and Fungal Systematics 65 (1): 210–218. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0016. 
  29. ↑ Manoharan-Basil, Sheeba S.; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Goward, Trevor; Andrésson, Ólafur S.; Miao, Vivian P.W. (2016). "Peltigera islandica, a new cyanolichen species in section Peltigera ('P. canina group')". The Lichenologist 48 (5): 451–467. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000414. Bibcode: 2016ThLic..48..451M. 
  30. ↑ Timdal, Einar; Gjerlaug, Hans Chr. (2023). "DNA barcodes reveal unrecognized species diversity in Peltigera sect. Peltigera in Norway, including the new species P. jonii". Graphis Scripta 35 (4): 30–65. https://jjh.cz/upload/35469.pdf. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Vitikainen, O. (1985). "Three new species of Peltigera (lichenized Ascomycetes)". Annales Botanici Fennici 22 (4): 291–298. 
  32. ↑ Dodge, C.W.; Rudolph, E.D. (1955). "Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and the subantarctic islands. I-IV". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 42 (2): 131–149. doi:10.2307/2394598. Bibcode: 1955AnMBG..42..131D. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/21760. 
  33. ↑ Holtan-Hartwig, J. (2005). "Peltigera latiloba, a new lichen species from Norway and USA (Alaska)". Graphis Scripta 17 (2): 34. 
  34. ↑ Nylander, W. (1860) (in la). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica. 1. pp. 141–430 [325]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/63391378. 
  35. ↑ Han, Liu-Fu; Xu, X.M.; Yang, J.Y.; Guo, SY. (2018). "Peltigera neodegenii sp. nov. from Central China". Mycotaxon 133 (2): 323–332. doi:10.5248/133.323. 
  36. ↑ Goffinet, B.; Miadlikowska, J. (1999). "Peltigera phyllidiosa (Peltigeraceae, Ascomycotina), a new species from the Southern Appalachians corroborated by ITS sequences". The Lichenologist 31 (3): 247–256. 
  37. ↑ Fries, T.M. (1860) (in la). Lichenes Arctoi Europae Groenlandiaeque hactenus cogniti. pp. 1–298 [45]. 
  38. ↑ Magain, Nicolas; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Zhurbenko, Mikhail P.; Lutzoni, François; Miądlikowska, Jolanta (2016). "Disentangling the Peltigera polydactylon species complex by recognizing two new taxa, P. polydactylon subsp. udeghe and P. seneca". Herzogia 29 (2): 514–528. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.514. Bibcode: 2016Herz...29..514M. 
  39. ↑ Magain, Nicolas; Goffinet, Bernard; Simon, Antoine; Seelan, Jaya Seelan Sathiya; Medeiros, Ian Daniel; Lutzoni, François; Miadlikowska, Jolanta (2020). "Peltigera serusiauxii (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), a new species from Papua New Guinea and Malaysia". Plant and Fungal Systematics 65 (1): 139–146. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0009. 
  40. ↑ Han, Liu-Fu; Yang, Jing-Yuan; Beu, Shu-Qing; Guo, Shou-Yu (2019). "Peltigera shennongjiana, a new cyanolichen from Central China". The Lichenologist 51 (6): 561–574. doi:10.1017/s0024282919000355. Bibcode: 2019ThLic..51..561H. 
  41. ↑ Gyelnik, Vilmos (1928). "Peltigerae novae et criticae" (in la). Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 77 (3): 220–226. doi:10.1007/BF01254303. Bibcode: 1928PSyEv..77..220G. 
  42. ↑ Gyelnik, Vilmos (1929). "Lichenologische Mitteilungen" (in de). Magyar Botanikai Lapok 28: 57–65. 
  43. ↑ Han, Liu-Fu; Zhang, Ya-Ya; Guo, Shou-Yu (2013). "Peltigera wulingensis, a new lichen (Ascomycota) from north China". The Lichenologist 45 (3): 329–336. doi:10.1017/s0024282912000837. Bibcode: 2013ThLic..45..329H. 
  44. ↑ "Lichens: the unsung heroes". Amruth 1 (4): 3–6. 1996. 
  45. ↑ Moerman, Daniel E. (1998). Native American ethnobotany. Portland, Or: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-453-9. 
  46. ↑ Perez-Llano GA (1944). "Lichens. Their biological and economical significance". Botanical Review 10 (1): 27–40. doi:10.1007/bf02861799. Bibcode: 1944BotRv..10....1P. 
  47. ↑ Vartia KO. (1950). On the medicinal use of lichens. Academic dissertation. Helsinki: 11–21.
  48. ↑ "Antioxidant activity, reducing power and total phenolic content of some lichen species". Fitoterapia 76 (2): 216–9. March 2005. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2004.05.012. PMID 15752633. 
  49. ↑ "Comparative analysis of the antioxidant properties of Icelandic and Hawaiian lichens". Environmental Microbiology 18 (8): 2319–25. March 2015. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12850. PMID 25808912. 
  50. ↑ Palmqvist K (2000). "Tansley Review No. 117. Carbon economy in lichens". New Phytologist 148 (1): 11–36. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00732.x. PMID 33863029. 
  51. ↑ "Food habits of the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) in Oregon". Canadian Journal of Zoology 63 (5): 1084–1088. 1985. doi:10.1139/z85-162. Bibcode: 1985CaJZ...63.1084M. 
  52. ↑ Kallman S (1992). "Wild plants as food during survival situations". Sven Bot Tidsk 86 (2): 49–52. 
  53. ↑ "Differential land snail damage to selected species of the lichen genus Peltigera". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32 (2): 127–138. 2004. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00141-8. Bibcode: 2004BioSE..32..127B. 
  54. ↑ "Effects of tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate from the lichen Peltigera leucophlebia on 5-/15-lipoxygenases and proliferation of malignant cell lines in vitro". Phytomedicine 9 (7): 654–658. 2002. doi:10.1078/094471102321616481. PMID 12487331. 
  55. ↑ Holtan-Hartwig, J. (1993). "The lichen genus Peltigera exclusive of the P. canina group, in Norway". Sommerfeltia 15: 3–77. doi:10.2478/som-1993-0001. 
  56. ↑ "In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of lichen metabolites as potential preservatives". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 28 (2): 289–92. 1985. doi:10.1128/aac.28.2.289. PMID 3834834. 
  57. ↑ Matsubara, Hideki; Kinoshita, Yasuhiro; Yamamoto, Yoshikazu; Kurokawa, Teiko; Yoshimura, Isao; Takahashi, Kunio (1999). "Distribution of new quaternary ammonium compounds, solorinine and peltigerine, in the Peltigerales". The Bryologist 102 (2): 196–199. doi:10.2307/3244359. 
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Wikidata ☰ Q2716168 entry



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