Biology:Pinus mugo

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Short description: Species of plant
For other uses, see Mountain pine (disambiguation).

Pinus mugo
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus
Section: P. sect. Pinus
Subsection: P. subsect. Pinus
Species:
P. mugo
Binomial name
Pinus mugo
Turra
Distribution map:
     Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata (syn. Pinus uncinata).
     Pinus mugo subsp. mugo and Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata.
Synonyms[2]

Pinus mugo, known as dwarf mountain pine,[3] mountain pine, scrub mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine,[4] bog pine, creeping pine,[5] or mugo pine,[6] is a species of conifer, native to high elevation habitats from southwestern to Central Europe and Southeast Europe.

Description

The tree has dark green leaves ("needles") in pairs, 3–7 centimetres (1 1⁄4–2 3⁄4 inches) long.

The cones are nut-brown, 2.5–5.5 cm (1–2 1⁄8 in) long.

  • Pinus mugo subsp. mugo, Romania
    Pinus mugo subsp. mugo, Romania
  • Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata
    Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata
  • Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata, Swiss National Park
    Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata, Swiss National Park
  • On Jakupica mountain, Republic of North Macedonia
    On Jakupica mountain, Republic of North Macedonia

Taxonomy

There are three subspecies:[7]

  • Pinus mugo subsp. mugo — in the east and south of the range (southern & eastern Alps, Balkan Peninsula), a low, shrubby, often multi-stemmed plant to 3–6 metres (10–20 feet) tall with matt-textured symmetrical cones, which are thin-scaled.
  • Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata — in the west and north of the range (from the Pyrenees northeast to Poland), a larger, usually single-stemmed tree to 20 m (66 ft) tall with glossy-textured asymmetrical cones, the scales of which are much thicker on the upper side.

    Some botanists treat the western subspecies as a separate species, Pinus uncinata, others as only a variety, P. mugo var. rostrata. This subspecies in the Pyrenees marks the alpine tree line or timberline, the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing.

  • Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata — hybrid subspecies, of the two subspecies above that intergrade extensively in the western Alps and northern Carpathians.

An old name for the species, Pinus montana, is still occasionally seen, and a typographical error "mugho" (first made in a prominent 18th-century encyclopedia) is still often repeated.

Distribution

Pinus mugo is native to the subalpine zones of the Pyrenees, Alps, Ore Mountains, Carpathians, northern and central Apennines, and higher Balkan Peninsula mountains – Rila, Pirin, Korab, Accursed Mountains, etc. It is usually found from 1,000–2,200 m (3,281–7,218 ft), occasionally as low as 200 m (656 ft) in the north of the range in Germany and Poland, and as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft) in the south of the range in Bulgaria and the Pyrenees. Also in Kosovo it is found in Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park. In Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic region, P. mugo was introduced in the late 1700s and the 1800s, when it was planted in coastal regions for sand dune stabilization, and later as ornamental plants around residences. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the species has naturalised and become invasive, displacing fragile dune and dune heath habitats. In Estonia and Lithuania P. mugo only occasionally naturalises outside plantations, sometimes establishing in raised bogs.[8]

Ecology

Pinus mugo is classed as a wilding conifer, and spreads as an invasive species in the high country of New Zealand, coastal Denmark, and other areas of Scandinavia.

Cultivation

Cultivars

Numerous cultivars have been selected. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[9]

Cultivars with seasonal changes in foliage color include Pinus mugo 'Wintergold' and Pinus mugo 'Ophir'.

Uses

The mugo pine is used in cooking. The young cones can be made into a syrup called "pinecone syrup",[14] "pine cone syrup",[15] or mugolio. Buds and young cones are harvested from the wild in the spring and left to dry in the sun over the summer and into autumn. The cones and buds gradually drip syrup, which is then boiled down to a concentrate and combined with sugar.[16][17] Alternatively, the pinecones can be macerated in sugar, fermented, and strained.[18]

  • Pinus mugo (subsp. mugo) habitat. Rila National Park in Bulgaria.
    Pinus mugo (subsp. mugo) habitat. Rila National Park in Bulgaria.
  • Female cones and young shoots
    Female cones and young shoots
  • Male pollen producing strobili
    Male pollen producing strobili
  • Young cones
    Young cones

See also

References

  1. ↑ Farjon, A. (2017). "Pinus mugo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42385A95729675.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42385/95729675. Retrieved 13 April 2024. 
  2. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=pinus+mugo. 
  3. ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17 
  4. ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Pinus mugo | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 14 December 2017 }}
  5. ↑ Andersson, F. (2005). Coniferous Forests. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-81627-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=_YoO8xKYSJAC&q=%22creeping+pine%22+pinus+mugo&pg=PA613. 
  6. ↑ "Pinus mugo". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PIMU80. 
  7. ↑ Christensen, K.I. (1987). Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany. 7: 383–408.
  8. ↑ Henrik Jørgensen (25 October 2010). "NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Pinus mugo". NOBANIS - Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species. https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/p/pinus-mugo/pinus_mugo.pdf. 
  9. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental". Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Humpy'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/69227/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Humpy/Details. 
  11. ↑ "Pinus mugo 'Kissen'". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/48246/Pinus-mugo-Kissen/Details. 
  12. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Mops'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89481/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Mops/Details. 
  13. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Ophir'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/94086/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Ophir/Details. 
  14. ↑ "Piccolo Restaurant - Minneapolis: Menu". http://www.piccolompls.com/menu.html. 
  15. ↑ Colicchio, Tom (3 March 2009). "Tom Tuesday Dinner March 3, 2009" (PNG). Tom Tuesday Dinner. http://www.tomtuesdaydinner.com/img/menu-03-03-2009.png. 
  16. ↑ "Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup". Zingerman's Mail Order. Zingerman's Mail Order LLC. 2010. http://www.zingermans.com/Product.aspx?ProductID=P-WMP. 
  17. ↑ "Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup". Cube Marketplace. Divine Pasta Company. 2008. http://www.cubemarketplace.com/p-923-wild-mugolio-pine-syrup.aspx. 
  18. ↑ Bergo, Alan (2020-10-23). "Mugolio: Pine Cone Syrup" (in en-US). https://foragerchef.com/mugolio-pine-cone-syrup/. 

Sources

Wikidata ☰ Q147475 entry



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