Biology:Pythium porphyrae

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Short description: Parasitic species of oomycete that causes red rot disease in seaweed

Pythium porphyrae
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Pythiaceae
Genus: Pythium
Species:
P. porphyrae
Binomial name
Pythium porphyrae
Synonyms[1][2][3]
  • Pythium chondricola De Cock, 1986

Pythium porphyrae, is a parasitic species of oomycete in the family Pythiaceae.[4] It is the cause of red rot disease or red wasting disease, also called akagusare (赤ぐされ) in Japanese.[5][6] The specific epithet porphyrae (πορφυρα) stems from the genus of one of its common hosts, Porphyra, and the purple-red color of the lesions on the thallus of the host.[7] However, many of its hosts have been moved from the genus Porphyra to Pyropia.

Economic impact

Pythium porphyrae can destroy an entire crop of nori within 3 weeks.[8][9][6] It prefers low salinity and warm water (24-28 °C).[10][11][12][6] It will only grow in the 15-35 °C range.[13] Mild winters correlate with higher infestations and lower crop yields,[14] possibly due to decreased temperatures inducing the development of sex organs in the oomycete.[5] Losses can be combated by destroying diseased fronds and exposing thalli to the air for 3–4 hours daily.[6] The oospores can be spread in contaminated organic matter and the sporangia can spread through the water.[15]

Description

Pythium porphyrae has a mycelial thallus that is eucarpic, meaning only part of the thallus turns into sporangia.[15] It is primarily a facultative parasite of algae, but can also be saprobic.[15]

Its hyphae can grow up to 4.5 µm wide,[13][15] and are not septate.[5] On algae, the hyphae will extend through the cell wall.[5] It does not have haustoria not chlamydospores.[15] The appressoria are club-shaped.[15] It has sporangia that are unbranched, filamentous,[5][2] and non-inflated,[2] typically forming 6-17 zoospores per vesicle.[5][13][15] Encysted zoospores are 8-12 µm in diameter.[15] Hyphal swellings are intercalary and globose, from 12-28 µm in diameter.[15] Oogonia average 17 µm in diameter and are also intercalary and globose, but rarely are terminal.[13][15] In each oogonium are 1-2 diclinous antheridia[2][15][5] coming out far away from the oogonial stalk.[13] The antheridia's cells are clavate (club shaped) or globose.[5][13][15] The antheridia will be apical to the oogonial wall.[15] Sometimes there will be two antheridial cells on one stalk.[13] The yellowish oospores average 15 µm in diameter, have thick (~2 µm) walls, and are plerotic (fill the whole oogonium).[13][15] Conidia are spherical at 8.8-30.8 μm diameter, but rarely produced.[5]

Pythium porphyrae shares many physical traits with P. marinum and P. monospermum,[13] and appears to be most closely related to P. adhaerens.[1][2] However it has up to four diclinous antheridia and sometimes two antheridial cells per stalk; P. monospermum has 1-4 either diclinous or monoclinous antheridia and P. marinum has only a single diclinous antheridium.[13] P. monospermum and P. marinum also have oogonia terminally on short branches, yet in P. porphyrae they tent to be intercalary.[13]

In a laboratory it will grow 5 mm per day[2] on seawater-cornmeal agar with low aerial mycelium[15] and colorless colonies,[5] but will not grow at all on potato-carrot agar.[13]

Ecology

Pythium porphyrae has been found in Japan ,[5] Netherlands, New Zealand,[1] and Korea, but this range is likely underreported.[15] It has a parasitic relationship with the following hosts. Though some species of Pyropia and Porphyra are susceptible to infection in their gametophytic phase, they are resistant in their Conchocelis (sporophytic) phase.[1]

Taxonomy

A 2005 study concerning a case of Pythiosis from a related species (P. insidiosum) indicated that P. porphyrae is related to P. dissotocum, P. myriotylum, P. volutum, and P. vanterpoolii.[17]

In 2004, molecular analysis of Pythium determined that P. porphyrae is in "Clade A" along with P. adhaerens, P. deliense, P. aphanidermatum, and P. monospermum[2] Clade A has two clusters, and P. porphyrae shares one with the species also originating on algae, P. adhaerens.[2]

A 2017 study of Pythium species in Clade A showed the following phylogenetic tree.[1] It further demonstrated that P. porphyrae and P. chondricola are the same species.[1][2] P. adhaerens may also be conspecific based solely on genetic comparison, but showed a number of physical differences that show it may be a separate but very closely related species.[1]

 
 
 

P. deliense

 
 

P. aphanidermatum

 
 
 
 

P. monospermum

 
 
 

P. adhaerens

 
 

P. porphyrae/P. chondricola

 
 
 
 
 

P. insidiosum

 

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Diehl, Nora; Kim, Gwang Hoon; Zuccarello, Giuseppe C. (March 2017). "A pathogen of New Zealand Pyropia plicata (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota)". Algae 32 (1): 29–39. doi:10.4490/algae.2017.32.2.25. OCLC 7067179428. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 LéVesque, C.André; De Cock, Arthur W.A.M. (December 2004). "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Pythium" (in English). Mycological Research 108 (12): 1363–1383. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001431. ISSN 0953-7562. OCLC 358362888. PMID 15757173. 
  3. ↑ "Pythium porphyrae" (in English). Utrecht, Netherlands. 2016. http://www.mycobank.org/name/Pythium%20porphyrae. Retrieved 4 October 2017. 
  4. ↑ "Pythium porphyrae" (in English). Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=88834&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock. Retrieved 2 October 2017. "Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Stramenopiles; Oomycetes; Pythiales; Pythiaceae; Pythium" 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Takah
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Andrews, John H. (May 1976). "The Pathology of Marine Algae. Diseases caused by phycomycetes: Chytridiomycetes; Hyphochytridiomycetes; Oomycetes" (in English). Biological Reviews 51 (2): 211–252. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1976.tb01125.x. ISSN 1464-7931. 
  7. ↑ Griffith, Chuck (2005). "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets" (in English). http://www.winternet.com/~chuckg/dictionary/dictionary.146.html. "purple-red porphyra porphyr noun/f πορφυρα the purple-fish or the dye that was made from it" 
  8. ↑ Arasaki, S. (1956). "The diseases of asakusanori and their control" (in Japanese). 病蟲害雜誌 (Plant Protection) 10: 243–6. OCLC 41036343. 
  9. ↑ ARASAKI, S. (1962). Studies on the artificial culture of Porphyra tenera Kjellm. 111. On the red wasting disease of Porphyra, especially on the physiology of the causal fungus Pythium sp.nov. [In Japanese, English summary.] Journal of the Agricultural Laboratory, Abiko, Japan. Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry 3, 87-93
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Arasaki, Satoshi (1947). "アサクサノリめ腐敗病に關する研究" (in Japanese). Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries) 13 (3): 74–90. doi:10.2331/suisan.13.74. ISSN 0021-5392. 
  11. ↑ SUTO, S., SAITO, Y., AKIYAMA, K. & UMEBAYASHI, 0. (1972). Text Book of Diseases and their Symptoms in Porphyra. [In Japanese.] Contribution E, Number I 8 of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Japan. 37 pp.
  12. ↑ SAKURAI, Y., AKIYAMA, K. & SATO, S. (1974). On the formation and the discharge of zoospores of Pythium porphyrae in experimental conditions. [In Japanese, English summary.] Bulletin of the Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory (33), I 19-27.
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 van der Plaats-Niterink, J. (22 December 1981). "IX. Descriptions of the recognized species" (in English). Monograph of the genus Pythium. Studies in Mycology. 21. Baarn, Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. OCLC 474297038. http://www.westerdijkinstitute.nl/publications/1021/content_files/content.htm. Retrieved 6 October 2017. 
  14. ↑ Suto, S (1953). "Seaweed production and phycological research in Japan" (in English). Proceedings of the 1st International Seaweed Symposium, Edinburgh, 14–17 July 1952: 96–99. OCLC 22404162. 
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 Spencer, M. A. (2004). "Pythium porphyrae. (Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria)" (in English). IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria 162 (Sheet 1617). http://www.cabi.org/dfb/abstract/20056401617. Retrieved 10 October 2017. "A description is provided for Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis (syn". 
  16. ↑ "Turkish Washcloth or Black Tar Spot" (in English). Tacoma, WA: University of Puget Sound. 2017. https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/exhibits/marine-panel/turkish-washcloth-or-black-tar-spot/. 
  17. ↑ Rivierre, Christine; Laprie, Caroline; Guiard-Marigny, Olivier; Bergeaud, Patrick; Berthelemy, Madeleine; Guillot, Jacques (March 2005). "Pythiosis in Africa" (in English). Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (3): 479–481. doi:10.3201/eid1103.040697. ISSN 1080-6059. OCLC 815385893. PMID 15757572. PMC 3298269. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/3/04-0697_article. Retrieved 5 October 2017. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q41594952 entry



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