Biology:Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge

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Short description: Protected area near Denver, Colorado
Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Mule-deer.jpg
Mule deer in Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge; downtown Denver is visible in the background.
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LocationAdams County, Colorado, U.S.
Nearest cityCommerce City, Colorado
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 39°50′0″N 104°50′30″W / 39.833333°N 104.84167°W / 39.833333; -104.84167
Area15,988 acres (64.70 km2)
Established1992
Visitors300,000 (in 2013)
Governing bodyUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service
WebsiteRocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge

The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge is a 15,988-acre (24.981 sq mi) National Wildlife Refuge located adjacent to Denver and Commerce City, Colorado, in the United States. It is approximately 8 miles (13 km) northeast of downtown Denver. The refuge is on the grounds of the former Rocky Mountain Arsenal, a United States Army chemical weapons manufacturing facility. The site was designated a national wildlife refuge in 1992 by the United States Congress, and underwent a costly environmental cleanup in order to remove pollutants. The refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. More than 330 species of wildlife inhabit the refuge, including raptors, deer, raccoons, coyotes, white pelicans, black-footed ferrets, black-tailed prairie dogs, and bison.

Previous uses

The Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) was built in 1942 to manufacture chemical weapons. A portion of the site was leased to private industry in 1946 for petroleum production and agricultural and industrial chemical manufacturing.[1] When the American chemical weapons program was shut down after the Vietnam War,[2] the RMA served as a site for dismantling and disposing of these weapons.[1] The Shell Oil Company also used a portion of the site in the 1980s to produce pesticides.[2] The RMA was closed in 1985, and in 1987 environmental testing revealed that the site was extremely polluted. The RMA was listed on the National Priorities List, a list of hazardous waste sites in the United States eligible for long-term remedial action (cleanup) financed under the federal Superfund program run by the Environmental Protection Agency.[1]

In 1986, while environmental testing was continuing, a winter communal roost of bald eagles, then an endangered species, was discovered at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal.[3] Additional investigation by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) discovered that the RMA was home more than 330 species of wildlife. With the arsenal not fit for human habitation, pressure quickly built to have it turned into a wildlife refuge.[4] Congress enacted the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Act on September 25, 1992, and the legislation was signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on October 9. The law stipulated that a majority of the RMA site would become a national wildlife refuge under the jurisdiction of the Fish and Wildlife Service once the environmental restoration is completed. The Act also provided that, to the extent possible, the RMA was to be managed as a wildlife refuge in the interim.[5]

At the time the refuge was established, the RMA consisted of more than 17,000 acres (69 km2) of grassland dotted with small manmade lakes and ponds.[6] Not all of this land was set aside for the refuge. Section 2(c)(2) of the enabling legislation set aside 12.08 acres (0.0489 km2) for use as the South Adams County Water Treatment Plant and 63.04 acres (0.2551 km2) for a United States Postal Service facility. Section 5(a)(1) of the act designated another 815 acres (3.30 km2) for public sale.[5] The former Shell Oil Company land also proved to be a problem, as it was somewhat geographically isolated from the rest of the refuge and not likely to be used by wildlife as habitat. Subsequently, about 100 acres (0.40 km2) of the Shell Oil site was sold to Commerce City in 2010. Of the remaining 250 acres (1.0 km2) of the Shell site, 100 acres (0.40 km2) are (as of 2013) being used for a water treatment facility and another 150 acres (0.61 km2) for domestic livestock grazing. The USFWS anticipates selling these 250 acres (1.0 km2) by 2023.[7] These land set-asides, sales, and transfers left the refuge with 15,988 acres (64.70 km2) of land.[8]

History

The entire 17,000 acres (69 km2) of the old RMA was included in the remediation effort. On January 21, 2003, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certified 940 acres (3.8 km2) as ready for use, and this acreage was turned over to the USFWS. Another 5,053 acres (20.45 km2) were certified clean on January 15, 2004.[9] This allowed USWFS to formally open the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge on April 2, 2004. At that time, walking trails gave guests access to about 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of the refuge, and buses allowed visitors to tour another 3,000 acres (12 km2).[6] EPA released another 7,399 acres (29.94 km2) on July 31, 2006.[9] The remaining 2,596 acres (10.51 km2) were declared contaminant-free and turned over to the refuge on October 15, 2010. The total cost of the cleanup was $2.1 billion.[10]

Sixteen American bison were brought from the National Bison Range in Montana to an enclosed 1,400-acre (5.7 km2) section of the refuge in March 2007 as part of the USFWS Pilot Bison Project.[11] The number of bison reached 87 in 2013, forcing the USFWS to reduce the herd to just 60 animals as the limited acreage could not support so many animals. USFWS officials said that in a few years they would expand the bison acreage to 12,000 acres (49 km2), which would allow the herd to expand to an anticipated 210 animals.[12]

The conservation of bison is an ongoing, diverse effort to bring bison back from the brink of extinction. The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative by the Department of the Interior has five central goals: wild, healthy bison herds; genetic conservation; shared stewardship; ecological restoration; and cultural restoration. It strengthened mechanisms for delivery of bison to Native American tribes from federal herds.[13] Excess bison from 2021 roundup were donated to the Wolakota Buffalo Range and for the first time Indigenous peoples joined refuge staff for the roundup.[14] Six yearling female bison were also transferred from the Refuge to Theodore Roosevelt National Park, where National Park Service experts will study the extent to which translocated animals integrate into established herds.[15]

The refuge's Visitor Center opened on May 21, 2011.[16] About two-thirds of the refuge consists of mixed-grass and shortgrass prairie, while the remainder is a mix of forest, shrubland, and lakes, streams, and riparian areas. A large number of man-made features dot the landscape, including irrigation ditches, lakes and ponds, and former homesteads.[2] Beginning in 2011, the USFWS began implementing a plan to remove invasive plant species and restore native plants on most of the refuge.[17] As of 2013, the USFWS had identified 332 species of wildlife on the refuge. Most of these species exist only in very low numbers.[18]

  • Visitor Center

  • Bison mother and calf

  • Common starlily

  • Rubber rabbitbrush

Management

All land included in the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge was turned over to the Department of the Interior with management of the refuge being the responsibility of both the USFWS and the U.S. Army. Some land may still contain chemical weapons devices (such as unexploded projectiles or buried equipment) and cannot safely be integrated into the wildlife refuge, so the Fish & Wildlife Service manages 14,904 acres (60.31 km2) of land. The remainder of the property (1,084 acres (4.39 km2)) is managed by the U.S. Army. The USFWS and Army signed an inter-agency agreement to cooperate in the management of the Army land according to UWFWS principles.[19]

A Comprehensive Management Plan for the refuge was finalized in June 1996.[2] Under the plan, the refuge is available for public use, and community outreach and educational programs will be implemented to encourage public use.

A record 950,000 people visited the refuge in 2023.[20] Refuge officials say they expect visitation to top one million annually once visitor facilities, outreach plans, and a wildlife management plan are completely in place.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Interior Secretary Norton to Dedicate Former Army Chemical Weapons Facility as National Wildlife Refuge". April 14, 2004. http://www.doi.gov/news/archive/04_News_Releases/040414a.htm. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013, p. i.
  3. ↑ Ingold, John (November 2, 2007). "'Dew of Death' Discovery Shuts Wildlife Refuge". The Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_7346675. 
  4. ↑ Elliott, Dan (2019-08-18). "Heavily polluted US weapons sites are now home to wildlife". https://apnews.com/bdcc18b18c1a4c1bbb99ac7cf4c91f6f. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Act of 1992. Pub.L. 102-402". October 9, 1992. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/102/hr1435/text. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Ex-Arms Production Site to Open as Wildlife Refuge". Associated Press. April 17, 2004. 
  7. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013, p. 7.
  8. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013, p. 1.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "NPL Partial Site Deletion Narrative, Rocky Mountain Arsenal (USARMY), Adams County, Colorado". July 31, 2006. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/pdel/pnar866c.htm. 
  10. ↑ "Interior Secretary Ken Salazar Joins Partners At Celebration of Transformation of Rocky Mountain Arsenal". October 15, 2010. http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/Interior-Secretary-Ken-Salazar-Joins-Partners-At-Celebration-of-Transformation-of-Rocky-Mountain-Arsenal.cfm?renderforprint=1&. 
  11. ↑ "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Partners to Reintorduce Wild Bison at Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge in Commerce City, Colorado" (Press release). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. March 14, 2007. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Finley, Bruce (December 17, 2013). "Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Rounding Up 27 Bison to Thin Hungry Herd". The Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/environment/ci_24741456/federal-crews-round-up-bison-at-rocky-mountain. 
  13. ↑ Repanshek, Kurt (May 7, 2020). "Interior Department Extends Bison Conservation Initiative For A Decade" (in en). National Parks Traveler. https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2020/05/interior-department-extends-bison-conservation-initiative-decade. 
  14. ↑ Sutt, Jessica; Castiano, Melissa; Stone, Christina (2021-11-07). "Songs on the Wind, Hooves on the Landscape" (in en). Medium (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service). https://usfws.medium.com/songs-on-the-wind-hooves-on-the-landscape-d5b45f0491d6. Retrieved 2021-11-07. 
  15. ↑ "Bison Transfer to Establish Wolakota Buffalo Range Marks Interior Commitment to Bison Conservation" (Press release). U.S. National Park Service. October 30, 2020. Retrieved 2021-11-25. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service.
  16. ↑ "Remarks for Secretary Salazar Rocky Mountain Arsenal Visitor Center Ribbon-Cutting". May 26, 2011. http://www.doi.gov/news/speeches/Remarks-for-Secretary-Salazar-Rocky-Mountain-Arsenal-Visitor-Center-Ribbon-Cutting.cfm. 
  17. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013, p. 2.
  18. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013, p. 23.
  19. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013, pp. 1-2.
  20. ↑ Finley, Bruce (2023-12-28). "Bison vs. urban growth: Rocky Mountain Arsenal seeks solutions to water runoff" (in en-US). The Denver Post. https://www.denverpost.com/2023/12/28/bison-rocky-mountain-arsenal-erosion-growth/. 

Bibliography



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