Biology:Rubus chamaemorus

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Short description: Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae
"Cloudberry" redirects here. For the computer storage solution company, see CloudBerry Lab.

Rubus chamaemorus
Ripe cloudberry
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rubus
Subgenus: Rubus subg. Chamaemorus
Species:
R. chamaemorus
Binomial name
Rubus chamaemorus
L. 1753 not Fisch. ex Ser. 1825
Map of the world, with colored areas indicating the species occurs in the Arctic and Subarctic regions
Distribution of Rubus chamaemorus
Synonyms

Rubus chamaemorus is a species of flowering plant in the rose family.

A herbaceous perennial, it produces amber-colored, edible fruit similar to the blackberry. It is native to cool temperate regions, alpine and Arctic tundra, and boreal forest.

Its English common names include cloudberry,[2] Nordic berry, bakeapple (in Newfoundland and Labrador), knotberry and knoutberry (in England), aqpik or low-bush salmonberry (in Alaska – not to be confused with salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis),[3] averin or evron (in Scotland),[4][5] and chicoutai amongst English speakers in Quebec.

Description

Unlike most Rubus species, the cloudberry is dioecious, and fruit production by a female plant requires pollination from a male plant.[6]

The cloudberry grows to 10–25 centimetres (4–10 in) high.[6] The leaves alternate between having five and seven soft, handlike lobes on straight, branchless stalks. After pollination, the white (sometimes reddish-tipped) flowers form raspberry-sized aggregate fruits, which are more plentiful in wooded rather than sun-exposed habitats.[6] Consisting of between five and 25 drupelets, each fruit is initially pale red, ripening into an amber color in early autumn.

  • Male flower
    Male flower
  • Foliage and fruit in Côte-Nord, Quebec
    Foliage and fruit in Côte-Nord, Quebec
  • Unripe cloudberry
    Unripe cloudberry
  • Ripe cloudberries
    Ripe cloudberries

Chemistry

Cloudberries are rich in vitamin C and ellagic acid,[6] citric acid, malic acid, α-tocopherol, anthocyanins, and the provitamin A carotenoid, β-carotene in contents that differ across regions of Finland due to sunlight exposure, rainfall, or temperature.[7] The ellagitannins lambertianin C and sanguiin H-6 are also present.[8] Genotype of cloudberry variants may also affect polyphenol composition, particularly for ellagitannins, sanguiin H-6, anthocyanins and quercetin.[9]

Distribution and habitat

Cloudberry distribution in the USA[10]

Cloudberries are a circumpolar boreal plant, occurring naturally throughout the Northern Hemisphere from 78°N, south to about 55°N, and are scattered south to 44°N mainly in mountainous areas and moorlands.[6] In Europe, they grow in the Nordic countries, but are rare in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and Poland.[6] They are present in the English Pennines and the Scottish Highlands, while a single, fragile site exists in the Sperrin Mountains of Northern Ireland.[11] They occur across northern Russia east towards the Pacific Ocean as far south as Japan in the island of Hokkaido.[6]

In North America, cloudberries grow wild across Greenland, most of northern Canada, Alaska, northern Minnesota, New Hampshire, Maine, and New York.[6][12]

Wide distribution occurs due to the excretion of the indigestible seeds by birds and mammals. Further distribution arises through its rhizomes, which are up to 10 m (33 ft) long and grow about 10–15 cm (4–6 in) below the soil surface, developing extensive and dense berry patches.[6] Cuttings of these taken in May or August are successful in producing a genetic clone of the parent plant.[13] The cloudberry grows in bogs, marshes, wet meadows, and tundra, and at elevations of 1,400 m (4,600 ft) above sea level in Norway, requiring acidic ground (between 3.5 and 5.0 pH).[6]

Ecology

Cloudberry leaves are food for caterpillars of several Lepidoptera species. The larvae of the moth Coleophora thulea has no other known food plants.[14][15]

Conservation

Cultivation

Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in Sweden, Norway, and Finland), the cloudberry is not widely cultivated and is primarily a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely based on the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have retailed for as little as €10/kg (in 2004).[16]

Since the middle of the 1990s, however, the species has formed part of a multinational research project. Beginning in 2002, selected cultivars have been available to farmers, notably 'Apolto' (male), 'Fjellgull' (female), and 'Fjordgull' (female). Finnish self-pollinated 'Nyby' variety is monoecious, i.e. the female and male flowers are located in the same plant unit.[17] The cloudberry can be cultivated in Arctic areas where few other crops are possible, for example along the northern coast of Norway.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}

Uses

Cloudberry jam
Bread cheese with cloudberry jam

When ripe, cloudberry fruits are golden-yellow, soft, and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C.[6] When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste. When over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt and a sweet flavor.[18] They are often made into jams, juices, tarts, and liqueurs. In Finland, the berries are eaten with heated leipäjuusto (a local cheese; the name translates to "bread-cheese"), as well as cream and sugar. In Sweden, cloudberries (hjortron, also known in northern Sweden as snattren)[19] and cloudberry jam are used as a topping for ice cream, pancakes, and waffles. Cloudberry filmjölk (soured milk) is available in supermarkets. In Norway, they are often mixed with whipped cream and sugar to be served as a dessert called moltekrem (cloudberry cream), as a jam or as an ingredient in homemade ice cream. Cloudberry yoghurt—molte- or multeyoughurt—is a supermarket item in Norway.[20]

In Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, cloudberries are used to make 'bakeapple pie', jams, jellies, fruit wines, and toppings for cheesecakes and ice cream. They are also frequently included in flavourings for beer, herbal teas, ice cream, alcoholic cocktails, and kombucha.


Due to its high vitamin C content,[6] the berry is valued both by Nordic seafarers and Northern indigenous peoples. Its polyphenol content, including flavonoid compounds such as ellagic acid, appears to naturally preserve food preparations of the berries.[6] Cloudberries can be preserved in their own juice without added sugar, if stored cool.[21]


Alcoholic drinks

Bottle of Lakka (Cloudberry) liqueur

In Nordic countries, traditional liqueurs such as lakkalikööri (Finland) are made of cloudberry,[22] having a strong taste and high sugar content. In Sweden, cloudberry flavoured gin is produced in limited quantities.[23] Cloudberry is used as a flavouring for making akvavit. In northeastern Quebec, a cloudberry liqueur known as chicoutai (Innu-aimun name) is made.[24] In Newfoundland and Labrador, cloudberries (called "bakeapples") are used to make fruit wine, bitters, or are brewed into beer.

Polyphenol extracts from cloudberries have improved storage properties when microencapsulated using maltodextrin DE5-8.[25] At least 14 volatile compounds, including vanillin, account for the aroma of cloudberries.[26]

Harvesting on public property

In some northern European countries such as Norway, a common-use policy on non-wood forest products allows anyone to pick cloudberries on public property and eat them on location, but only local residents may transport them from that location.[27][28][29] Transporting ripe cloudberries from the harvest location is permitted in many countries.[27]

Harvesting unripe cloudberries in Norway was illegal between 1970 and 2004.[30][31] Many people believe that it is still illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway, but that law is no longer in effect.[31]

Coat of arms of Muurame

In culture

The cloudberry appears on the Finnish version of the 2 euro coin.[32] The name of the hill Beinn nan Oighreag in Breadalbane in the Scottish Highlands means "Hill of the Cloudberries" in Scottish Gaelic.[33] Transactions of Camden's Britain (1637 edition) indicate the etymological origins of 'cloud-berry', the plant's name in old Lancashire dialect: 'Pendelhill [in Lancashire] advenceth itselfe up the skie ... and in the very top thereof bringeth forth a peculiar plant which, as though it came out of the clowdes, they tearme clowdes-berry'.[34] In Norrland cloudberries are known as Norrland's gold.[35]

In Newfoundland and Labrador, several communities, including Garnish and Forteau, host festivals celebrating the harvest of cloudberries.

References

  1. ↑ Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Rubus chamaemorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64323876A67730717.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/64323876/67730717. Retrieved 29 April 2022. 
  2. ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17 
  3. ↑ University of Alaska @ Fairbanks, Cooperative Extension Service, Cloudberrries
  4. ↑ "Cloudberry". https://foodb.ca/foods/FOOD00161. 
  5. ↑ Rapp, Kåre. "About the Cloudberry". https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0022/0001155/1.1/data/1-data/docs/general_info/ecb.htm. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 Thiem B (2003). "Rubus chamaemorus L. – a boreal plant rich in biologically active metabolites: a review". Biological Letters 40 (1): 3–13. http://www.biollett.amu.edu.pl/biollett_40_1_3_13.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Jaakkola, M; Korpelainen, V; Hoppula, K; Virtanen, V (2012). "Chemical composition of ripe fruits of Rubus chamaemorus L. grown in different habitats". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92 (6): 1324–30. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4705. PMID 22083544. Bibcode: 2012JSFA...92.1324J. 
  8. ↑ Kähkönen, M; Kylli, P; Ollilainen, V; Salminen, J-P; Heinonen, M (2012). "Antioxidant activity of isolated ellagitannins from red raspberries and cloudberries". J Agric Food Chem 60 (5): 1167–74. doi:10.1021/jf203431g. PMID 22229937. Bibcode: 2012JAFC...60.1167K. 
  9. ↑ McDougall, G. J.; Martinussen, I; Junttila, O; Verrall, S; Stewart, D (2011). "Assessing the influence of genotype and temperature on polyphenol composition in cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) using a novel mass spectrometric method". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 (20): 10860–8. doi:10.1021/jf202083b. PMID 21916411. Bibcode: 2011JAFC...5910860M. 
  10. ↑ "Cloudberry" (in en-CA). 15 December 2016. https://sierraclub.bc.ca/cloudberry/. "Cloudberry is a relative of the raspberry. It has toothed leaves, white flowers in June-July and yellow-orange berries that ripen in August-September...You can find cloudberries in Canada, Scandinavia, Greenland, Russia and the US." 
  11. ↑ "Rubus chamaemorus - cloudberry". National Museums, Northern Ireland. 2011. http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/species.asp?item=3317. 
  12. ↑ "Rubus chamaemorus", State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA) (Biota of North America Program (BONAP)), 2014, http://bonap.net/MapGallery/State/Rubus%20chamaemorus.png 
  13. ↑ K. Rapp (1986). "Vegetativ oppformering av molte (Rubus chamaemorus L.)". Jord og Myr 10: 1–11. 
  14. ↑ "Coleophora thulea – Plant Parasites of Europe". https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/coleophoridae/coleophora/coleophora-thulea/. 
  15. ↑ "Plant Of The Month: September" (in en). 12 September 2016. https://professorhedgehogsjournal.uk/2016/09/12/plant-of-the-month-september-2/. 
  16. ↑ Ville Heiskanen & Juho Erkheikki (28 July 2005). "Record Cloudberry Crop Lures Thousands of Finns to Lapland Bogs (see § "Prices Drop"; ¶ 1)". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=aFoIHwZwFtyk&refer=europe. 
  17. ↑ "Lakka" (in fi). https://www.viherpeukalot.fi/lakka. 
  18. ↑ Ogletree, Kelsey (March 18, 2020). "What Are Cloudberries?". https://farmflavor.com/alaska/alaska-crops-livestock/what-are-cloudberries/. 
  19. ↑ "Cloudberries – a Swedish delicacy | Visit Umeå". https://visitumea.se/en/hjortron. 
  20. ↑ "TINE Yoghurt Molte". TINE.no. http://www.tine.no/merkevarer/tine-yoghurt/produkter/tine-yoghurt-molte. 
  21. ↑ "Wild berries: cloudberries". Arctic Flavours Association. 2014. http://www.arctic-flavours.fi/en/info/berries/wild+berries/cloudberry/. 
  22. ↑ "Cloudberry - Rubus chamaemorus L.". Canadian Museum of Nature. https://nature.ca/aaflora/data/www/roruch.htm. 
  23. ↑ "En Värmländsk Jävla Hjortron-Gin Stay True Brewing" (in sv). https://www.systembolaget.se/produkt/sprit/en-varmlandsk-javla-hjortron-gin-3206402/. 
  24. ↑ "Chicoutai" (in fr). terroirsquebec.com. http://www.terroirsquebec.com/encyclopedie/chicoutai. 
  25. ↑ Laine, P; Kylli, P; Heinonen, M; Jouppila, K (2008). "Storage stability of microencapsulated cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) phenolics". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (23): 11251–61. doi:10.1021/jf801868h. PMID 18989975. Bibcode: 2008JAFC...5611251L. 
  26. ↑ Pyysalo, T; Honkanen, E (1977). "The influence of heat on the aroma of cloudberries (Rubus chamaemorus L.)". Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 163 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1007/BF01123552. PMID 835340. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Saastamoinen, Olli. "Forest policies, access rights and non-wood forest products in northern Europe". https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/8491/Forest%20policies,%20access%20rights%20and%20non-wood%20forest%20products%20in%20northern%20Europe.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  28. ↑ "Guide to Cloudberries". http://mylittlenorway.com/2011/07/guide-to-cloudberries/. 
  29. ↑ "Dette har du lov til å gjøre på tur" (in no). UT.no, Norwegian Trekking and NRK. 2015. http://artikkel.ut.no/dette-har-du-lov-til-a-gjore-pa-tur-ifolge-allemannsretten-1.12450653. 
  30. ↑ "Lov om forbud mot plukking av moltekart - Lovdata". https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLO/lov/1970-05-06-25. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Is It Illegal to Pick Unripe Cloudberries in Norway in 2022? All You Need to Know! - The Norway Guide" (in en-US). 2022-08-13. https://thenorwayguide.com/pick-unripe-cloudberries/. 
  32. ↑ "Finnish face of Euro coins: cloudberry, swan and heraldic lion". ec.europa.eu. http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/avs/files/euro/092-euro-fi/181297.html. 
  33. ↑ "Beinn nan Oighreag, Hill of the Cloudberries". Scotsman.com. 20 May 2008. http://www.scotsman.com/news/beinn-nan-oighreag-hill-of-the-cloudberries-1-1168948. 
  34. ↑ John Howard Nodal, George Milner, A Glossary of the Lancashire Dialect, Part 1, 1875, 84
  35. ↑ "Hjortron - Institutet för språk och folkminnen". https://www.isof.se/matkult/bar-och-frukt/olika-sorters-bar-och-frukt/hjortron.html. 

Further reading

  • Resvoll, T. R. (1929). "Rubus chamaemorus L. A morphological - biological study". Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 67: 55–129. 
  • Resvoll, T. R. (1925). "Rubus chamaemorus L. Die geographische Verbreitung der Pflanze und ihre Verbreitungsmittel" (in de). Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich 3: 224–241. 

Wikidata ☰ Q160092 entry



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