Biology:Saxicola
Saxicola (Latin: saxum, rock + incola, dwelling in[1]), the stonechats or chats, is a genus of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World. They are insectivores occurring in open scrubland and grassland with scattered small shrubs. The genus contains 18 species, of which four are prehistoric.
Taxonomy
The genus was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802.[2] The type species was subsequently designated as the European stonechat.[3] The name Saxicola is from Latin saxum, saxi "stone" and -cola "dweller".[4]
The genus was formerly included in the thrush family Turdidae, but as with several other related genera, has now been shown to be correctly classified in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, in which it is most closely related to the genera Oenanthe (wheatears) and Campicoloides.[5][6]
Genetic and behavioural evidence has also resulted in several new species being accepted in the genus in recent years, most notably the splitting of the former broad "species" common stonechat Saxicola torquatus into five species, a change now widely though not yet universally accepted. With addition of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence and nDNA fingerprinting data, it was confirmed that not only the Fuerteventura and Réunion stonechats are distinct species, but that in addition, the African, Madagascar, European, Siberian and Amur stonechats are also all separate species.[7][8][9][10] Due to confusion of subspecies allocation, the name S. torquatus was briefly used for the European species, with the African stonechat being incorrectly listed as S. axillaris.[8]
Owing to misunderstandings of Latin syntax, several species have in the past been widely but incorrectly cited with feminine name endings ("S. torquata, S. maura, S. leucura, S. ferrea", etc.).[11]
Species
The following 14 species are currently accepted in Saxicola:[12]
| Image | Common name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 120px | Jerdon's bush chat | Saxicola jerdoni | Eastern Himalaya and Myanmar |
| 120px | Grey bush chat | Saxicola ferreus | Himalayas, southern China and Indochina |
| 120px | Whinchat | Saxicola rubetra | western Palearctic ; winters to sub-Saharan Africa |
| 120px | White-browed bush chat | Saxicola macrorhynchus | northwestern India |
| 120px | White-bellied bush chat | Saxicola gutturalis | Timor |
| 120px | Pied bush chat | Saxicola caprata | south-central Asia and Indomalaya |
| 120px | White-throated bush chat | Saxicola insignis | mountains of western Mongolia ; winters in the Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands |
| 120px | White-tailed stonechat | Saxicola leucurus | Indus valley, Himalayan foothills, northeast South Asia and Myanmar |
| 120px | Amur stonechat | Saxicola stejnegeri | Manchuria, Korea and Japan ; winters to southern China and Indochina |
| 120px | African stonechat | Saxicola torquatus | Afrotropics |
| 120px | Réunion stonechat | Saxicola tectes | Réunion |
| 120px | Siberian stonechat | Saxicola maurus | Siberia and eastern Alpide belt ; winters to southern Asia |
| 120px | European stonechat | Saxicola rubicola | Europe and North Africa ; winters to Middle East |
| 120px | Canary Islands stonechat | Saxicola dacotiae | Fuerteventura |
Formerly included in the genus Saxicola, but now treated in a separate genus:
- Splendid fairywren, as Saxicola splendens[13]
- Buff-streaked chat, as Saxicola bifasciatus[5]
Fossil record
- Saxicola lambrechti (Late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary) [14]
- Saxicola baranensis (Pliocene of Beremend, Hungary)[14]
- Saxicola parva (Pliocene of Csarnota, Hungary)[14]
- Saxicola magna (Pliocene of Beremend, Hungary)[14]
References
- ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 349. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling..
- ↑ Bechstein, Johann Matthäus (1802) (in de). Ornithologisches Taschenbuch von und für Deutschland, oder, Kurze Beschreibung aller Vögel Deutschlands für Liebhaber dieses Theils der Naturgeschichte. Leipzig: Carl Friedrich Enoch Richter. p. 216. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41098826.
- ↑ The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. 2014. p. 608. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
- ↑ Jobling, J.A. (2018). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". in del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. et al.. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/definition/saxicola.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 del Hoyo, J, ed (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 10. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 786. ISBN 84-87334-72-5. https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/786.
- ↑ Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 (1): 380–392. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID 20656044. Bibcode: 2010MolPE..57..380S. http://www.nrm.se/download/18.3ebfe5cf12a9d3ebacb80002787/Sangster+et+al+2010+Muscicapidae+MPE.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
- ↑ Urquhart, E., & Bowley, A. (2002). Stonechats. A Guide to the Genus Saxicola. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6024-4.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wink, M.; Sauer-Gürth, H.; Gwinner, E. (2002). "Evolutionary relationships of stonechats and related species inferred from mitochondrial-DNA sequences and genomic fingerprinting". British Birds 95: 349–355. https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V95/V95_N07/V95_N07_P349_355_A004.pdf. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
- ↑ Woog, F.; Wink, M.; Rastegar-Pouyani, E.; Gonzalez, J.; Helm, B. (2008). "Distinct taxonomic position of the Madagascar stonechat (Saxicola torquatus sibilla) revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA". Journal of Ornithology 149 (3): 423–430. doi:10.1007/s10336-008-0290-1. Bibcode: 2008JOrni.149..423W.
- ↑ Zink, R.M.; Pavlova, A.; Drovetski, S. V.; Wink, M.; Rohwer, S. (2009). "Taxonomic status and evolutionary history of the Saxicola torquata complex". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52 (3): 769–773. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.016. PMID 19464380. Bibcode: 2009MolPE..52..769Z.
- ↑ David, N.; Gosselin, M. (2002). "The grammatical gender of avian genera". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 122: 257–282. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40416636.
- ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (February 2025). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/.
- ↑ "Malurus splendens (Splendid Fairywren) - Avibase". https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=391EA6CB4F70C90F.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Kessler, E. (2013). "Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary". Hantkeniana 8: 37–149. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287898711.
External links
Template:Passerida Wikidata ☰ Q906092 entry
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