Biology:Sociable weaver

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Short description: Species of bird

Sociable weaver
Sociable weaver (Philetairus socius).jpg
At Tswalu Kalahari Reserve, South Africa
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Ploceidae
Genus: Philetairus
A. Smith, 1837
Species:
P. socius
Binomial name
Philetairus socius
(Latham, 1790)
Philetairus socius distribution map.png
  range centred on the Kalahari, Namib and northern Karoo regions
An adult and juvenile bird in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park

The sociable weaver (Philetairus socius) is a species of bird in the weaver family, endemic to Southern Africa.[2] It is the only species in its genus Philetairus. It is found in South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana,[1] but its range is centered within the Northern Cape Province of South Africa.[3] The species builds large, compound, community nests, a rarity among birds. These nests are perhaps the most spectacular structure built by any bird.[4]

Taxonomy and systematics

The sociable weaver was first described by ornithologist John Latham in 1790. Alternative names include the common social weaver, common social-weaver, and social weaver.[5] Formerly, four subspecies were recognised, but the species is now considered monotypic. The sociable weaver is the only extant species in the genus Philetairus.[6]

Phylogeny

Based on a 2017 DNA-analysis, P. socius belongs to the group of sparrow weavers (subfamily Plocepasserinae) and is most related to the genus Pseudonigrita. These two genera are the sister group of the genus Plocepasser. The most basic genus of the subfamily is Sporopipes.[7] Provided that genera are correct clades, the following tree expresses current insights.

Ploceidae
Amblyospizinae

Amblyospiza albifrons

 
 
 
Plocepasserinae
 

Sporopipes

 
 
 

Plocepasser

 
 
 

Philetairus socius

 
 

Pseudonigrita

 
 
 
 
 
 
Bubalornithinae
 

Dinemellia dinemelli

 
 

Bubalornis

 
 
Ploceinae

all other weaverbirds

 
 
 
 

Description

Measuring around 14 cm (5 1⁄2 in) in length, the sociable weaver has a black chin, black, barred flanks, and a scalloped back.[8] It typically weighs 26–32 g (15⁄16–1 1⁄8 oz), and sexes are indistinguishable.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The species ranges across northwestern South Africa and southwest Botswana, and extending northwards across Namibia.[8] It is strongly associated with the arid savannas characteristic of the southern Kalahari region.[2] The presence of stiff grasses such as Stipagrostis ciliata (syn. Aristida ciliata) – an important nesting material – is an important determinant of its distribution.[3] The taller grasses and the fire-prone nature of the Northern and Central Kalahari regions may be a factor for the absence of the bird in those regions.[3] The area is semiarid with low and unpredictable rainfall occurring mostly in the summer. The population has not been quantified, but the birds are described as "common to abundant".[1]

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

In the southern range of the weaver's habitat, breeding may occur any time of the year and is closely linked to rainfall. In the northern range, a discrete breeding season between December and August has been noted.[3] They may skip breeding during years when rainfall is low and a substantial number (sometimes over half) of birds in the colony may never breed in a given season.[2] Under typical conditions, weavers raise up to four broods per breeding cycle. Sociable weavers are known to assist in the care of younger siblings and unrelated hatchlings, and nearly all pairs are assisted by helpers.[2] A mating pair has been recorded as producing nine broods in a single season in response to repeated predation of its young. Unlike northern temperate passerine birds, which commence breeding within the first year of life, sociable weavers exhibit delayed-onset breeding, at sometimes up to two years of age.[2]

Nesting

Template:Multiimage Sociable weavers construct permanent nests on trees and other tall objects. These nests are amongst the largest built by any bird, and are large enough to house over 100 pairs of birds,[9] containing several generations at a time. The nests are highly structured and provide birds with a more advantageous temperature relative to the outside. The central chambers retain heat and are used for nighttime roosting. The outer rooms are used for daytime shade and maintain temperatures of 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) inside while outside temperatures may range from 16–33 °C (61–91 °F).[10]

The nests consist of separate chambers, each of which is occupied by a pair (sometimes with offspring) and used to roost and breed. Nests are built around large and sturdy structures such as acacia trees or sometimes even telephone poles. The trees generally used for nest-building are Acacia erioloba, Boscia albitrunca, and Aloidendron dichotomum. The birds at Etosha National Park also use Colophospermum mopane trees for nesting.[3] Large nesting colonies can be active across many generations, sometimes over 199 years.[2][11] The nest appears like a large haystack in the tree. If seen from below, entrances into the chambers may be seen, giving a honeycomb appearance. The entrances may be about 3 in (76 mm) wide and can be up to 10 in (250 mm) long.[11] Sharp sticks may be placed to deter predators from entering.[citation needed]

Sociable weaver nests form a habitat that is occupied by animals of many different taxa, including several other bird species, which use the nest in different ways, such as for breeding (as with the paradise finch and rosy-faced lovebird), roosting (as with the familiar chat and ashy tit), or as a platform for the nests of larger birds (such as owls, vultures, or falcons).[3][11] Although most birds use sociable weaver nests commensally, cases of predation upon nestlings and animosity with the weavers has been reported of the pygmy falcon in some sites in Kimberley.[12]

Reptile species also use the nests. Snakes, especially Cape cobras and boomslangs, are the most common nest predators, often consuming all the eggs in all the chambers of a large nest.[10] Nest predation is often as high; in one study, 70% of the clutches laid were preyed upon.[2] In addition, Trachylepis spilogaster (Kalahari Tree Skink) associate with the nests. Trees with nests appear to host more skinks than trees without nests.[13] Additionally, these skinks have learned to eavesdrop on sociable weaver alarm calls to determine when a pygmy falcon, one of its main predators, is approaching.[14]

Nests built in electricity poles sometimes cause short circuits in the rainy season and can catch fire in the dry season.[15]

Some evidence indicates that cooperation in nest-building is driven by kin selection.[16][17]

The bird droppings under the nesting colonies of the sociable weaver are used by scarab beetles.[18]


Diet

The sociable weaver is insectivorous, with insects comprising 80% of their diet. As an adaptation to living in the dry Kalahari Desert, where standing water is scarce, the sociable weaver obtains all of its water from its diet. It also feeds on seeds and other plant products. Foraging is predominantly on the ground, but also on bark and leaves of trees.[2]

Status

Populations of the sociable weavers increased during the 2010s, perhaps due to increased availability of nesting structures such as electricity pylons and other man-made structures. Most of its present distribution is unlikely to see any major man-made alteration and its future in these areas is secure. A gap seen in its distribution in the Northern Cape Province, north of the Ghaap Plateau is probably due to habitat alteration by clearance of Acacia. In other areas, encroachment due to overgrazing may also cause local extinction.[citation needed]

Gallery

  • Adult arriving with nesting material

  • Chamber entrances seen from below

  • A nest on an electricity pole

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 BirdLife International (2016). "Philetairus socius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22718731A94593843. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718731A94593843.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22718731/94593843. Retrieved 11 November 2021. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Covas, R. (2002). Life-history Evolution and Cooperative Breeding in the Sociable Weaver (PDF) (PhD). Percy Fitzpatrick Institute - University of Cape Town. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Mendelsohn, J.M.; Anderson, M.D. (1997). "Sociable Weaver Philetairus socius". in J.A. Harrison. The Atlas of Southern African Birds. Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa. pp. 534–535. http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/pdf/800.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Collias, Nicholas E; Collias, Elsie C. (January 1977). "Weaverbird nest aggregation and evolution of the compound nest". The Auk 94: 50–64. https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v094n01/p0050-p0064.pdf. Retrieved 18 January 2011. 
  5. ↑ "Common names for Sociable Weaver (Philetairus socius)". Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/919094/names/common_names. Retrieved 28 March 2014. 
  6. ↑ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Philetairus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=558047. 
  7. ↑ De Silva, Thilina N.; Peterson, A. Townsend; Bates, John M.; Fernandoa, Sumudu W.; Girard, Matthew G. (2017). "Phylogenetic relationships of weaverbirds (Aves: Ploceidae): A first robust phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 109: 21–32. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.013. PMID 28012957. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sinclair, Ian (1993). Field Guide to Birds of Southern Africa. Cape Town, RSA: Struik. p. 02. ISBN 978-0-86977-435-9. 
  9. ↑ White, Fred; Bartholomew, Gerorge; Thomas Howell (1975). "The thermal significance of the nest of the sociable weaver Philetairus socius: winter observations". Ibis 117 (2): 171–179. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1975.tb04205.x. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bartholomew, George A; Fred N White; Thomas R Howell (July 1976). "The thermal significance of the nest of the sociable weaver Philetairus socius: summer observations". Ibis 118 (6): 402–411. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1976.tb02027.x. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Birds: Sociable Weavers". San Diego Zoo: Animals and plants. Zoological society of San Diego. http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-sociable_weavers.html. 
  12. ↑ Covas, Rita; Otto Huyser; Claire Doutrelant (2004). "Pygmy Falcon predation of nestlings of their obligate host, the Sociable Weaver". Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology 75 (4): 325–326. doi:10.2989/00306520409485463. http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/esp/publis/RC/RC2004_CovasEtal%20Pigmy%20Falcon%20Ostrich04.pdf. Retrieved 18 January 2011. 
  13. ↑ Rymer, Tasmin L; Thomson, Robert L; Whiting, Martin J (Nov 2014). "At home with the birds: Kalahari tree skinks associate with sociable weaver nests despite African pygmy falcon presence". Austral Ecology 39 (7): 839–847. doi:10.1111/aec.12152. https://repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/43816/Rymer_At_2014.pdf;sequence=1. 
  14. ↑ Lowney, Anthony M; Flower, Tom P; Thomson, Robert L (Jun 2020). "Kalahari skinks eavesdrop on sociable weavers to manage predation by pygmy falcons and expand their realized niche presence". Behavioral Ecology 31 (5): 1094–1102. doi:10.1093/beheco/araa057. 
  15. ↑ Management of Wildlife interactions with power line networks . NamPower/NNF Strategic Partnership (2009).
  16. ↑ van Dijk, René E.; Kaden, Jennifer C.; Argüelles-Ticó, Araceli; Dawson, Deborah A.; Burke, Terry; Hatchwell, Ben J.; Westneat, David (2014). "Cooperative investment in public goods is kin directed in communal nests of social birds". Ecology Letters 17 (9): 1141–1148. doi:10.1111/ele.12320. PMID 25039999. 
  17. ↑ Leighton, Gavin M.; Echeverri, Sebastian; Heinrich, Dirk; Kolberg, Holger (2015-08-29). "Relatedness predicts multiple measures of investment in cooperative nest construction in sociable weavers" (in en). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69 (11): 1835–1843. doi:10.1007/s00265-015-1996-8. ISSN 0340-5443. PMID 26726282. 
  18. ↑ "A tree with the nesting colonies of the sociable weaver grows along D707 road in Namibia". independent-travellers.com. https://independent-travellers.com/namibia/d707/index.php#bird. 

External links

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