Biology:Spätzle (gene)
| Spätzle (gene) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||
| Organism | |||||||
| Symbol | spz | ||||||
| UniProt | P48607 | ||||||
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| Spätzle | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Spaetzle | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF16077 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR032104 | ||||||||
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Spätzle or spaetzle (German for a type of noodle) is an evolutionarily-conserved arthropod protein first identified in Drosophila melanogaster.[1] It plays a role in embryonic development and in the insect innate immune response. The name was coined by the Nobel laureate Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard after the Spätzle noodle-like form of homozygous mutant fly larvae.[2]
Structure
Spätzle has a cystine knot structure supported by disulfide bridges, is glycosylated, and naturally forms a homodimer. Multiple forms are produced by alternative splicing.[3] It is produced as a preprotein, and needs to be activated by a serine protease called spätzle-processing enzyme (de). The signal sequence spz[1-25] is first cleaved, followed by the spz[26-220] fragment, leaving the final spz[221-326] (Spaetzle C-106) part as the mature protein.[4]
Function
Homodimeric spz binds to a dimeric toll receptor in fruit flies and related organisms, thus activating the signaling cascade.[5]
Embryonic development
A ligand of the toll pathway, spz is involved in the formation of the dorso-ventral axis in embryonic development. [6]
References
- ↑ "Multiple extracellular activities in Drosophila egg perivitelline fluid are required for establishment of embryonic dorsal-ventral polarity". Cell 68 (3): 429–40. February 1992. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90181-b. PMID 1739964.
- ↑ "Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard in Biologie | Schülerlexikon | Lernhelfer" (in de). https://www.lernhelfer.de/schuelerlexikon/biologie-abitur/artikel/christiane-nuesslein-volhard.
- ↑ "Multiple isoforms of the Drosophila Spätzle protein are encoded by alternatively spliced maternal mRNAs in the precellular blastoderm embryo". Molecular & General Genetics 264 (5): 643–52. January 2001. doi:10.1007/s004380000350. PMID 11212919.
- ↑ P48607
- ↑ "The spätzle gene encodes a component of the extracellular signaling pathway establishing the dorsal-ventral pattern of the Drosophila embryo". Cell 76 (4): 677–88. February 1994. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90507-x. PMID 8124709.
- ↑ Morisato, Donald (15 June 2001). "Spätzle regulates the shape of the Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo". Development 128 (12): 2309–2319. doi:10.1242/dev.128.12.2309. PMID 11493550. https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/128/12/2309/41278/Spa-tzle-regulates-the-shape-of-the-Dorsal. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
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