Biology:Synthemistidae

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Synthemistidae is a family of dragonflies commonly known as tigertails, or sometimes, southern emeralds.[1] This family is part of the superfamily Libelluloidea.[2][3]

Synthemistidae is an ancient dragonfly family, dating back to the Palaeocene.[4] Species of Synthemistidae occur in Australia and New Guinea.[5] Most species are small in size and have narrow abdomens. Nymphs are bottom dwellers, and resist droughts by burying themselves very deeply. Synthemistid dragonflies frequently prefer marshy areas, as well as fast-flowing streams. The family Synthemistidae is sometimes called Synthemidae.[6]

Some taxonomic history

In 2025 a significant revision of Libelluloidea using morphological and molecular techniques added three families and restored six families. This reduced the number of genera included in Synthemistidae.[3][7]

Genera

The family Synthemistidae includes the following genera:[1][3]

An extinct genus is included in Synthemistidae:[4]

  • †Gallosynthemis Nel, Ngo-Muller, Garrouste & Boderau, 2025


Etymology

The family name Synthemistidae is derived from the type genus Synthemis, with the standard zoological suffix -idae used for animal families. The name Synthemis is derived from the Greek σύν (syn, "together") and -themis, from Greek Θέμις (Themis), the goddess of divine law, order and justice. In early odonate taxonomy, names ending in -themis were introduced by Hagen and were widely used for dragonflies.[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Family SYNTHEMISTIDAE". Australian Biological Resources Study. 2022. https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Synthemistidae. 
  2. ↑ Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Bechly, Günter; Bybee, Seth M.; Dow, Rory A.; Dumont, Henri J.; Fleck, Günther; Garrison, Rosser W.; Hämäläinen, Matti et al. (2013). "The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)". Zootaxa 3703 (1): 36–45. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.9. ISSN 1175-5334. https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.3703.1.9. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "World Odonata List". University of Puget Sound. https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/world-odonata-list2/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nel, Andre; Ngo Muller, Valerie; Garrouste, Romain; Boderau, Mathieu (2025). "The first fossil representative of the dragonfly family Synthemistidae". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 70 (2): 253–258. doi:10.4202/app.01236.2025. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app012362025.html. 
  5. ↑ "Synthemistidae - Tigertail Dragonflies". May 2013. http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_dragons/SYNTHEMISTIDAE.htm. 
  6. ↑ "Synthemidae". Oxford University Press. 2019. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/synthemidae. 
  7. ↑ Goodman, Aaron; Abbott, John C.; Bybee, Seth M.; Ehlert, Juliana; Frandsen, Paul B.; Guralnick, Rob; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Newton, Lacie et al. (2025-10-09). "Systematic and taxonomic revision of emerald and tigertail dragonflies (Anisoptera: Synthemistidae and Corduliidae)". Systematic Entomology. doi:10.1111/syen.70000. 
  8. ↑ Endersby, Ian; Fliedner, Heinrich (2015). The Naming of Australia's Dragonflies. Eltham, Victoria, Australia: Busybird Publishing. ISBN 9781925260625. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283318421_The_Naming_of_Australia's_Dragonflies. 

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