Biology:Tantulocarida

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Tantulocarida is a highly specialised group of parasitic crustaceans that consists of about 33 species, treated as a class in superclass Multicrustacea. They are typically ectoparasites that infest copepods, isopods, tanaids, amphipods and ostracods.[1][2]

Description

In the Tantulocarida, animals do not ever present eyes.[3]

The tantulus larvae has a head with a ventral oral disc but no appendages, a six-segmented thorax with six pairs of legs, and a limbless abdomen consisting of one to six segments in addition to a telson.[4] The larvae also possesses a cuticular stylet on the cephalon through which they can push a rootlet system for extraction of nutrients from a host. The rootlet system itself is a direct extension of the gut.[5]

Body length

Members of this subclass are minute – less than 0.3 millimetres (0.012 in) in length and have a dramatic reduction in body form compared to other crustaceans, with an unsegmented, sac-like thorax and a much reduced abdomen.[6] One tantulocarid species, Tantulacus dieteri, is the world's smallest arthropod, with a total body length of only 85 micrometres (0.0033 in).[7]

Life cycle

The tantulocarid life cycle is unique among crustaceans. The tantulus larva transforms directly from a non-feeding (lecithotrophic) and free-swimming organism into a parasite without any instars. When entering the parasitic stage much of the body, such as the muscles, degenerates, even if the body itself becomes bigger. As a parasite it is permanently attached to its host, and after piercing its host's cuticle with an unpaired stylet, a rootlet system used to absorb nutrients enters through the hole and grow into the host's tissue. The adult form develops inside the larva, and can become either a sac-like parthenogenetic female, or a fully developed free-living, non-feeding and sexually-reproducing male or female.[8][9][10][11][12] The eggs inside the parthenogenetic female are eventually released as fully developed tantulus larvae. The finding of what appears to be a benthic non-feeding nauplius larva suggests that eggs produced by sexual females hatch as nauplii instead of tantulus larvae. Both the parthenogenetic and sexual females are semelparous.[13]

Classification

Five families are recognised:[14]

References

  1. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Tantulocarida". http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1083. 
  2. ↑ Geoffrey A. Boxshall & Roger J. Lincoln (February 1983). "Tantulocarida, a new class of Crustacea ectoparasitic on other crustaceans". Journal of Crustacean Biology 3 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/1547849. 
  3. ↑ Oakley, T. H.; Cunningham, C. W. (2002). "Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the independent evolutionary origin of an arthropod compound eye". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (3): 1426–1430. doi:10.1073/pnas.032483599. PMID 11818548. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...99.1426O. 
  4. ↑ Multicellular Animals: Volume II: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa
  5. ↑ Petrunina, Alexandra S.; Høeg, Jens T.; Kolbasov, Gregory A. (December 2018). "Anatomy of the Tantulocarida: first results obtained using TEM and CLSM. Part I: tantulus larva" (in en). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 18 (4): 459–477. doi:10.1007/s13127-018-0376-4. ISSN 1439-6092. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13127-018-0376-4. 
  6. ↑ "Tantulocarida". AccessScience Encyclopedia. McGraw-Hill. http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=677750. Retrieved 2016-09-10. 
  7. ↑ Inga Mohrbeck, Pedro Martínez Arbizu & Thomas Glatzel (October 2010). "Tantulocarida (Crustacea) from the Southern Ocean deep sea, and the description of three new species of Tantulacus Huys, Andersen & Kristensen, 1992". Systematic Parasitology 77 (2): 131–151. doi:10.1007/s11230-010-9260-0. PMID 20852984. 
  8. ↑ G. A. Boxshall & R. J. Lincoln (June 11, 1987). "The life cycle of the Tantulocrida (Crustacea)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 315 (1173): 267–303. doi:10.1098/rstb.1987.0009. Bibcode: 1987RSPTB.315..267B. 
  9. ↑ Petrunina, Alexandra S.; Kolbasov, Gregory A.; Martinez Arbizu, Pedro (2019). "Anatomy of the free tantulus larva (Crustacea: Tantulocarida) studied with confocal laser scanning microscopy: An extreme case of miniatuarisation in the Arthropoda". Progress in Oceanography 178. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102190. Bibcode: 2019PrOce.17802190P. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079661119301910. 
  10. ↑ Itoitantulus misophricola gen. et sp. nov.: First Record of Tantulocarida (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) in the North Pacific Region
  11. ↑ Huys, Rony; Boxshall, Geoffrey A.; Lincoln, Roger J. (1993). "The Tantulocaridan Life Cycle: the Circle Closed?" (in en). Journal of Crustacean Biology 13 (3): 432–442. doi:10.2307/1548786. ISSN 0278-0372. https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article/2328367/The. 
  12. ↑ Anatomy of the Tantulocarida: first results obtained using TEM and CLSM. Part I: tantulus larva - GfBS
  13. ↑ Atlas of Crustacean Larvae
  14. ↑ WoRMS. "Tantulocarida". http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1083. 
  15. ↑ Geoff Boxshall (August 20, 2008). "Basipodellidae". in T. Chad Walter & Geoff Boxshall. World Copepoda database. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=136591. Retrieved 2016-09-10. 
  16. ↑ Geoff Boxshall (August 20, 2008). "Doryphallophoridae". in T. Chad Walter & Geoff Boxshall. World Copepoda database. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=136593. Retrieved 2016-09-10. 
  17. ↑ Geoff Boxshall (August 20, 2008). "Microdajidae". in T. Chad Walter & Geoff Boxshall. World Copepoda database. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=136594. Retrieved 2016-09-10. 
  18. ↑ WoRMS. "Cumoniscidae Nierstrasz & Brender à Brandis, 1923". http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1063847. 
  19. ↑ Geoff Boxshall (2012). "Onceroxenidae". World of Copepods database. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=136595. 
  • Data related to Tantulocarida at Wikispecies

Wikidata ☰ Q2340012 entry



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