Biology:Thismia

From HandWiki

Thismia is a genus of myco-heterotrophic plants in family Burmanniaceae, known as "fairy lanterns".[1] They are native to East and Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas.[2][3]

Description

Thismia neptunis
Thismia neptunis painted by Marianne North
Thismia thaithongiana

Thismia are perennial,[4] achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic,[5] tuberous plants with branched or simple stems.[6] The 1–4 terminal,[6] solitary flowers[7] are erect.[4] The androecium consists of 6 stamens.[8][6] The gynoecium consists of one carpel.[7][6]

Name

The generic name Thismia refers to Thomas Smith (English microscopist, died ca. 1825). It is an anagram of his name.[4][8]

Conservation

Most Thismia species are threatened with extinction[9] and many species are only known from very few collections.[10] For instance, the IUCN conservation status of Thismia melanomitra is Vulnerable (VU),[11] Thismia malayana is categorized as Vulnerable (VU),[12] Thismia kobensis, which was previously believed to be extinct, is now categorized as Critically Endangered (CR),[13] and Thismia americana is believed to be possibly extinct.[10][14]

Ecology

The flowers of Thismia tentaculata are pollinated by fungus gnats.[15] The flowers of Thismia hongkongensis are visited by fungus gnats and scuttle flies.[16]

Cytology

The chromosome count of Thismia huangii is 2n = 18.[17] The chromosome count of Thismia abei is 2n = 12.[18]

Taxonomy

It was published by William Griffith in 1845[2] with Thismia brunonis Griff. as the type species.[5][19]

Thismia sp. in Sarawak, Borneo
Thismia megalongensis

Species

As of June 2024, Plants of the World Online recognised 108 species in this genus, as follows:[2]

  • Thismia abei (Akasawa) Hatus.
  • Thismia acuminata Hrones, Dancák & Sochor
  • Thismia alba Holttum ex Jonker
  • Thismia americana N.Pfeiff.
  • Thismia andicola Aguilar-Cano, S.Guzm.-Guzm. & Lopera-Toro
  • Thismia angustimitra Chantanaorr.
  • Thismia annamensis K.Larsen & Aver.
  • Thismia appendiculata Schltr.
  • Thismia arachnites Ridl.
  • Thismia aseroe Becc.
  • Thismia aurantiaca Hareesh & M.Sabu
  • Thismia belumensis Siti-Munirah & Suhaimi-Miloko
  • Thismia betung-kerihunensis Tsukaya & H.Okada
  • Thismia bifida M.Hotta
  • Thismia bokorensis Suetsugu & Tsukaya
  • Thismia breviappendiculata Nob.Tanaka
  • Thismia brunneomitra Hrones, Kobrlová & Dancák
  • Thismia brunneomitroides Suetsugu & Tsukaya
  • Thismia brunonis Griff.
  • Thismia bryndonii Tsukaya, Suetsugu & Suleiman
  • Thismia calcarata D.F.Silva, Honório & J.M.A.Braga
  • Thismia caudata Maas & H.Maas
  • Thismia chrysops Ridl.
  • Thismia clandestina (Blume) Miq.
  • Thismia clavarioides K.R.Thiele
  • Thismia claviformis Chantanaorr. & J.Wai
  • Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell.
  • Thismia clavigeroides Chantanaorr. & Seelanan
  • Thismia cordata D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga
  • Thismia cornuta Hrones, Sochor & Dancák
  • Thismia coronata Hrones, Dancák & Sochor
  • Thismia crocea (Becc.) J.J.Sm.
  • Thismia domei Siti-Munirah
  • Thismia episcopalis (Becc.) F.Muell.
  • Thismia espirito-santensis Brade
  • Thismia filiformis Chantanaorr.
  • Thismia fumida Ridl.
  • Thismia fungiformis (Taub. ex Warm.) Maas & H.Maas
  • Thismia gardneriana Hook.f. ex Thwaites
  • Thismia gigantea (Jonker) Hroneš
  • Thismia glaziovii Poulsen
  • Thismia gongshanensis Hong Qing Li & Y.K.Bi
  • Thismia goodii Kiew
  • Thismia grandiflora Ridl.
  • Thismia guangdongensis Xiao J.Li, A.Liu & D.X.Zhang
  • Thismia hawkesii W.E.Cooper
  • Thismia hexagona Dančák, Hroneš, Kobrlová & Sochor
  • Thismia hongkongensis Mar & R.M.K.Saunders
  • Thismia huangii P.Y.Jiang & T.H.Hsieh
  • Thismia hyalina (Miers) Benth. & Hook.f. ex F.Muell.
  • Thismia iguassuensis (Miers) Warm.
  • Thismia inconspicua Sochor & Dancák
  • Thismia janeirensis Warm.
  • Thismia javanica J.J.Sm.
  • Thismia jianfenglingensis Han Xu, H.J.Yang & S.Q.Fang
  • Thismia kelabitiana Dančák, Hroneš & Sochor
  • Thismia kelantanensis Siti-Munirah
  • Thismia kenyirensis Siti-Munirah & Dome
  • Thismia kinabaluensis T.Nishioka & Suetsugu
  • Thismia kobensis Suetsugu
  • Thismia labiata J.J.Sm.
  • Thismia laevis Sochor, Dancák & Hrones
  • Thismia lanternata W.E.Cooper
  • Thismia latiffiana Siti-Munirah & Dome
  • Thismia lauriana Jarvie
  • Thismia limkokthayi Siti-Munirah & E.Chan
  • Thismia luetzelburgii Goebel & Suess.
  • Thismia macahensis (Miers) F.Muell.
  • Thismia mantiqueirensis Engels & E.C.Smidt
  • Thismia megalongensis C.A.Hunt, G.Steenbee. & V.Merckx
  • Thismia melanomitra Maas & H.Maas
  • Thismia minutissima Dančák, Hroneš & Sochor
  • Thismia mirabilis K.Larsen
  • Thismia mucronata Nuraliev
  • Thismia mullerensis Tsukaya & H.Okada
  • Thismia neptunis Becc.
  • Thismia nigra Dančák, Hroneš & Sochor
  • Thismia nigricans Chantanaorr. & Sridith
  • Thismia nigricoronata Kumar & S.W.Gale
  • Thismia okhaensis Luu, Tich, G.Tran & Dinh
  • Thismia ophiuris Becc.
  • Thismia ornata Dančák, Hroneš & Sochor
  • Thismia pallida Hrones, Dancák & Rejzek
  • Thismia panamensis (Standl.) Jonker
  • Thismia paradisiaca S.Guzm.-Guzm.
  • Thismia petasiformis D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga
  • Thismia prataensis Mancinelli, C.T.Blum & E.C.Smidt
  • Thismia pseudomelanomitra D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga
  • Thismia puberula Nuraliev
  • Thismia racemosa Ridl.
  • Thismia ribeiroi Engels, D.F.Silva & Soares-Lopes
  • Thismia rodwayi F.Muell.
  • Thismia sahyadrica Sujanapal, Robi & Dantas
  • Thismia saulensis H.Maas & Maas
  • Thismia singeri (de la Sota) Maas & H.Maas
  • Thismia sitimeriamiae Siti-Munirah, Dome & Thorogood
  • Thismia submucronata Chantanaorr., Tetsana & Tripetch
  • Thismia sumatrana Suetsugu & Tsukaya
  • Thismia taiwanensis Sheng Z.Yang, R.M.K.Saunders & C.J.Hsu
  • Thismia tectipora Cowie
  • Thismia tentaculata K.Larsen & Aver.
  • Thismia terengganuensis Siti-Munirah
  • Thismia thaithongiana Chantanaorr. & Suddee
  • Thismia tuberculata Hatus.
  • Thismia variabilis D.F.Silva, Honório & J.M.A.Braga
  • Thismia violacea D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga
  • Thismia viridistriata Sochor, Hrones & Dancák
  • Thismia yorkensis Cribb

Recently described species include:

2024

  • Thismia malayana Siti-Munirah, Hardy-Adrian, Mohamad-Shafiq & Irwan-Syah[12][20]
  • Thismia malipoensis J. D. Ya & W. B. Yu[9]
  • Thismia papillata Nuraliev et al.[21]
  • Thismia perlisensis Besi & Rusea[5]

2025

  • Thismia aliasii Siti-Munirah & Alias[22][23]
  • Thismia dasyantha Dančák, Sochor & Hroneš[24][25]
  • Thismia velaris Dančák, Sochor & Hroneš[24][25]
  • Thismia selangorensis Siti-Munirah, Siew, Mat-Tahir, & Azhar[26][27]

References

  1. ↑ Thorogood, Chris J.; Mat Yunoh, Siti-Munirah (2021). "Fairy lanterns in focus" (in en). Plants, People, Planet 3 (6): 680–684. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10217. ISSN 2572-2611. Bibcode: 2021PlPP....3..680T. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Thismia Griff.". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30015452-2. 
  3. ↑ "Thismia Griff.". 2024. https://www.gbif.org/species/9418909. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Thismia Griffith. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132837
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 BESI, E. E., JABAR, Q. A. M., ABD RAHMAN, S. Y. A. M. I. L., SAAD, M. Z., AHMADNI, A. S. A., & GO, R. (2024). Thismia perlisensis (Thismiaceae), a new red-annulus Thismia species from Peninsular Malaysia. Phytotaxa, 675(1), 1-10.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Thismia Griffith. (n.d.-b). Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132837
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.-d). Thismia. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/57c63c0d-3afa-424a-a2bb-f9a33b0fe033
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Griffith, William (1844). "On the root parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae and their allies". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1 (23): 221. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsoflin01linn/page/220/mode/2up. Retrieved 20 June 2024. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ya, J. D., Chen, H. Y., Zhang, W., Zhu, R. B., Cai, J., & Yu, W. B. (2024). Phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of Thismia (Thismiaceae) support T. malipoensis as the eighth species in China. Willdenowia, 54(1), 47-63.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Merckx, V. S., & Smets, E. F. (2014). Thismia americana, the 101st anniversary of a botanical mystery. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 175(2), 165-175.
  11. ↑ Espinoza, C. & Pitman, N. 2003. Thismia melanomitra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T43472A10806123. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43472A10806123.en. Accessed on 08 December 2024.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Siti-Munirah, M. Y., Hardy-Adrian, C., Mohamad-Shafiq, S., & Irwan-Syah, Z. (2024). Thismia malayana (Thismiaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Peninsular Malaysia. PhytoKeys, 242, 229.
  13. ↑ Suetsugu, K., Yamana, K., & Okada, H. (2023). Rediscovery of the presumably extinct fairy lantern Thismia kobensis (Thismiaceae) in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, with discussions on its taxonomy, evolutionary history, and conservation. Phytotaxa, 585(2), 102-112.
  14. ↑ Thismia americana N. Pfeiffer. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 9, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101975
  15. ↑ Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Mar, S. S., Zhang, D., & Saunders, R. M. (2019). A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae). Annals of Botany, 124(2), 331-342.
  16. ↑ Mar, S. S., & Saunders, R. M. (2015). Thismia hongkongensis (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal. PhytoKeys, (46), 21.
  17. ↑ Chiang, P. Y., & Hsieh, T. H. (2011). Thismia huangii (Thismiaceae), a new species from Taiwan. Taiwania, 56(2), 138-142.
  18. ↑ AOYAMA, M., & TSUBOTA, H. (2014). Karyotype Analysis of Japanese Burmannia (Burmanniaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, 65(1), 37-42.
  19. ↑ Thismia Griff. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/56570
  20. ↑ Simons, Paul (2024-07-17). "Plantwatch: new species of elusive fairy lantern found in Malaysia" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/jul/17/plantwatch-new-species-fairy-lantern-thismia-malaysia. 
  21. ↑ Nuraliev, Maxim S.; Yudina, Sophia V.; Dac, Le Xuan; Kuznetsov, Andrey N.; Kuznetsova, Svetlana P.; Semenyuk, Irina I. (2024-06-26). "Thismia papillata (Thismiaceae), a new species from northern Vietnam" (in en). Phytotaxa 655 (3): 261–271. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.655.3.4. ISSN 1179-3163. Bibcode: 2024Phytx.655..261N. https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.655.3.4. 
  22. ↑ Siti-Munirah, Mat Yunoh; Mohamad Alias, Shakri (2025). "Thismia aliasii (Thismiaceae), a new species from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia". PhytoKeys (254): 175–188. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.254.136085. ISSN 1314-2003. PMID 40201735. PMC 11976305. https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/136085/. 
  23. ↑ Publishers, Pensoft. "New endangered 'fairy lantern' plant species discovered in Malaysia" (in en). https://phys.org/news/2025-03-endangered-fairy-lantern-species-malaysia.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Dančák, Martin; Hroneš, Michal; Sochor, Michal; Uvírová, Alena; Blažek, Vojtěch Tobias; Yunoh, Siti-Munirah Mat; Yiing, Ling Chea (2025-08-19). "Thismia velaris and T. dasyantha, two new species of Thismia section Thismia subsect. Odoardoa (Thismiaceae) from Sarawak, Malaysia" (in en). Phytotaxa 715 (2): 117–128. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.2. ISSN 1179-3163. https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.715.2.2. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Pskhun (2025-08-25). "Species New to Science: [Botany • 2025 Thismia dasyantha & T. velaris (Thismiaceae) • Two Species of Thismia sect. Thismia from Sarawak, Malaysia"]. https://novataxa.blogspot.com/2025/08/thismia.html. 
  26. ↑ Siti-Munirah, Mat Yunoh; Siew, Tan Gim; Mat-Tahir, Mohd Faizal; Azhar, Ahmad (2025). "Thismia selangorensis (Thismiaceae): a new mitriform fairy lantern species from Selangor, Malaysia" (in en). PhytoKeys (267): 9–21. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.267.157968. ISSN 1314-2003. Bibcode: 2025PhytK.267....9S. 
  27. ↑ Pskhun (2025-12-03). "Species New to Science: [Botany • 2025 Thismia selangorensis (Thismiaceae) • A New mitriform Species of Thismia sect. Geomitra from Selangor, Malaysia"]. https://novataxa.blogspot.com/2025/12/thismia.html. 

Wikidata ☰ Q941028 entry



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