Biology:Toxodontidae

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Short description: Extinct family of notoungulate mammals

Toxodontidae
Temporal range: Late Oligocene-Holocene (Deseadan-Lujanian)
~27–0.011 Ma
Em - Toxodon platensis - 1.jpg
Toxodon platensis
Nesodon imbricatus skeleton reconstruction.jpg
Skeleton of Nesodon imbricatus
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Notoungulata
Clade: Eutoxodontia
Family: Toxodontidae
Owen 1845
Subfamilies and genera

†Haplodontheriinae

  • Abothrodon
  • Haplodontherium
  • Mesotoxodon
  • Ocnerotherium
  • Toxodontherium

†Nesodontinae

Toxodontinae

Xotodon sp. skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin

Toxodontidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals, known from the Oligocene to the Holocene (11,000 BP) of South America,[1] with one genus, Mixotoxodon, also known from the Pleistocene of Central America and southern North America (as far north as Texas).[2] Member of the family were medium to large-sized,[3] ranging from around 350–400 kilograms (770–880 lb) in Nesodon to 1,000–1,200 kilograms (2,200–2,600 lb) in Toxodon,[4] and had medium to high-crowned dentition, which in derived members of the group evolved into ever-growing cheek teeth.[5] Isotopic analyses have led to the conclusion that Pleistocene members of the family were flexible mixed feeders (both browsing and grazing).[6][7]

Taxonomy

The endemic notoungulate and litoptern ungulates of South America have been shown by studies of collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequences to be a sister group to the perissodactyls.[8][9][10]

In 2014, a study identifying a new species of toxodontid resolved the families phylogenetic relations. The below cladogram was found by the study:[11]

Pampahippus arenalesi

Rhynchippus spp.

Scarrittia canquelensis

Leonitinia gaudri

Toxodontidae

Proadinotherium leptognathum

Adinotherium spp.

Nesodon taweretus

Nesodon imbricatus

Palyeidodon obtusum

Hyperoxotodon speciosus

Nonotherium henningi

Xotodon spp.

Andinotoxodon bolivariensis

Dinotoxodon paranensis

Toxodon platensis

Gyrinodon quassus

Ocnerotherium intermedium

Hoffstetterius imperator

Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi

Pisanodon nazari

Pericotoxodon platignathus

Calchaquitherium mixtum

Mixotoxodon larensis

Paratrigodon euguii

Trigodon gaudri

References

  1. Turvey, Samuel T. (2009-05-28) (in en). Holocene Extinctions. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191579981. https://books.google.com/books?id=mbU-F42JU1AC&dq=Propaopus&pg=PA349. 
  2. E. Lundelius, et al. 2013. The first occurrence of a toxodont (Mammalia, Notoungulata) in the United States. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol 33, No 1, pp. 229–232 DOI:10.1080/02724634.2012.711405
  3. Cassini, Guillermo H.; Flores, David A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (July 2012). "Postnatal ontogenetic scaling of Nesodontine (Notoungulata, Toxodontidae) cranial morphology: Nesodontine cranial allometry" (in en). Acta Zoologica 93 (3): 249–259. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2011.00501.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2011.00501.x. 
  4. Nelson, Allison; Engelman, Russell K.; Croft, Darin A. (2023-07-12). "How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades" (in en). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. doi:10.1007/s10914-023-09669-1. ISSN 1064-7554. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-023-09669-1. 
  5. Gomes Rodrigues, Helder; Herrel, Anthony; Billet, Guillaume (2017-01-31). "Ontogenetic and life history trait changes associated with convergent ecological specializations in extinct ungulate mammals" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (5): 1069–1074. doi:10.1073/pnas.1614029114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 28096389. 
  6. MacFadden, Bruce J. (September 2005). "Diet and habitat of toxodont megaherbivores (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Quaternary of South and Central America". Quaternary Research 64 (2): 113–124. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2005.05.003. Bibcode2005QuRes..64..113M. 
  7. Pérez-Crespo, Víctor Adrián; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Guzmán, Ana Fabiola; Morales-Puente, Pedro; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, Edith; Otero, Francisco J. (2020-01-09). "ISOTOPIC PALEOECOLOGY OF A TOXODONT (MIXOTOXODON LARENSIS) FROM MICHOACAN, MEXICO". The Southwestern Naturalist 64 (1): 63. doi:10.1894/0038-4909-64-1-63. ISSN 0038-4909. https://bioone.org/journals/the-southwestern-naturalist/volume-64/issue-1/0038-4909-64-1-63/ISOTOPIC-PALEOECOLOGY-OF-A-TOXODONT-MIXOTOXODON-LARENSIS-FROM-MICHOACAN-MEXICO/10.1894/0038-4909-64-1-63.full. 
  8. Welker, F.; Collins, M. J.; Thomas, J. A.; Wadsley, M.; Brace, S.; Cappellini, E.; Turvey, S. T.; Reguero, M. et al. (2015-03-18). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates". Nature 522 (7554): 81–84. doi:10.1038/nature14249. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25799987. Bibcode2015Natur.522...81W. http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/91438/1/Welker_postprint.docx. 
  9. Buckley, M. (2015-04-01). "Ancient collagen reveals evolutionary history of the endemic South American 'ungulates'". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1806): 20142671. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2671. PMID 25833851. 
  10. Westbury, M.; Baleka, S.; Barlow, A.; Hartmann, S.; Paijmans, J. L. A.; Kramarz, A.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Bond, M. et al. (2017-06-27). "A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin's enigmatic South American mammal Macrauchenia patachonica". Nature Communications 8: 15951. doi:10.1038/ncomms15951. PMID 28654082. Bibcode2017NatCo...815951W. 
  11. Forasiepi, A. A. M.; Cerdeño, E.; Bond, M.; Schmidt, G. I.; Naipauer, M.; Straehl, F. R.; Martinelli, A. N. G.; Garrido, A. C. et al. (2014). "New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina". Paläontologische Zeitschrift 89 (3): 611–634. doi:10.1007/s12542-014-0233-5. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/127531. 

Further reading

  • McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN:0-231-11013-8

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q846394 entry