Biology:Triisodontidae

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Triisodontidae is an extinct paraphyletic[1][2] family of hoofed mammals. All undisputed triisodontid genera lived during the Paleocene in North America.[3][4] Triisodontids were the first large predatory mammals to appear in North America following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.[5][6] They differ from mesonychians in having less highly modified dentition.[7]

Their relationship with mesonychians has changed since the discovery of the family. Scott (1894) suggested a close relationship with mesonychids.[8] Some experts would classify triisodontids as mesonychians.[9][10] It was also hypothesized because of their less derived dentition, they may have considered them to have ancestral to mesonychids.[11][1] An abstract by Sarah et al. (2015) recovered triisodontids as a paraphyletic group of stem-mesonychians.[2] However, other studies recovered triisodontids to be more closely related to modern ungulates than to mesonychians.[12][13] Phylogenetic analysis by Solé et al. (2023), suggests mesonychians split off from the lineage leading to triisodontids during the Late Cretaceous.[14]

Taxonomy

Classification

Triisodontidae was first named by Scott (1894) within the order Creodonta, being closely related to mesonychids.[8] Triisodontids were classified as Triisodontinae by Troussart (1904).[7] Matthew (1909) would classify triisodontines as mesonychids within Acreodi of Creodonta.[9] However, Matthew (1937) would move triisodontines within Arctocyonidae.[7] Mesonychids and arctocyonids would be moved from Creodonta and into Condylarthra, also known as archaic ungulates by Van Valen (1966).[15][16] Triisodontines would later be reclassified as a family of mammals,[3][10] with some studies such as McKenna and Bell (1997) reclassifying them as mesonychians.[10] Within phylogenetic analysis by Tabuce et al. (2011) recovered the family as a basal paraphyletic family within Acreodi.[1] Sarah et al. (2015) recovered triisodontids as a paraphyletic stem-mesonychians within Euungulata.[2] However, other studies classify them more closely related to living ungulates than to mesonychians.[13][12][14]

Description

The largest triisodontid genus was Triisodon, with the smallest species weighing between 32–44 kg (71–97 lb).[3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rodolphe Tabuce, Julien Clavel and Miguel Telles Antunes (2011). "A structural intermediate between triisodontids and mesonychians (Mammalia, Acreodi) from the earliest Eocene of Portugal". Naturwissenschaften 98 (2): 145–155. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0747-y. PMID 21181109. Bibcode: 2011NW.....98..145T. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sarah L. Shelley, Thomas E. Williamson, Stephen L. Brusatte, Resolving the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of “Triisodontidae” (‘Condylarthra’) within Placentalia, October 2015, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (abstract)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Toosey, William J.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Shelley, Sarah L.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2024-11-11). "The osteology of Triisodon crassicuspis (Cope, 1882): New insights into the enigmatic "archaic" placental mammal group "Triisodontidae"" (in en). PLOS ONE 19 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311187. ISSN 1932-6203. 
  4. ↑ T. R. Lyson; I. M. Miller; A. D. Bercovici; K. Weissenburger; A. J. Fuentes; W. C. Clyde; J. W. Hagadorn; M. J. Butrim et al. (October 2019). "Exceptional continental record of biotic recovery after the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction". Science 366 (6468): 977–983. doi:10.1126/science.aay2268. PMID 31649141. 
  5. ↑ Clemens, W.A.; T.E. Williamson (2005). "A new species of Eoconodon (Triisodontidae, Mammalia) from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (1): 208–213. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0208:ANSOET2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  6. ↑ T. R. Lyson; I. M. Miller; A. D. Bercovici; K. Weissenburger; A. J. Fuentes; W. C. Clyde; J. W. Hagadorn; M. J. Butrim et al. (October 2019). "Exceptional continental record of biotic recovery after the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction". Science 366 (6468): 977–983. doi:10.1126/science.aay2268. PMID 31649141. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Matthew, W.D. (1937). "Paleocene faunas of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (American Philosophical Society) 30 (3532): 1–510. doi:10.2307/1005521. Bibcode: 1937Natur.140...46C. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Scott, W. B. (1894). "A Revision of the North American Creodonta with Notes on Some Genera Which Have Been Referred to That Group". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 44: 291-323. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4061883?seq=10. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Osborn, Henry F.; Matthew, William D. (1909). "Cenozoic mammal horizons of western North America, with faunal lists of the Tertiary Mammalia of the West". US Geol Surv Bull 361: 91–120. doi:10.3133/b361. https://archive.org/details/cenozoicmammalho00osbo/page/n3/mode/2up. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Rose, Kenneth D. (2006). "Cete and Artiodactyla". The beginning of the Age of Mammals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9221-9. 
  11. ↑ Szalay, Frederick S. (1969). "Origin and Evolution of Function of the Mesonychid Condylarth Feeding Mechanism". Evolution 23 (4): 703–720. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1969.tb03552.x. https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article/23/4/703/6867697. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Yu, Yang; Gao, Hongyan; Li, Qiang; Ni, Xijun (2023-01-01). "A new entelodont (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late Eocene of China and its phylogenetic implications" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 21 (1). doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2189436. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2023JSPal..2189436Y. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2023.2189436. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Spaulding, Michelle; O'Leary, Maureen A.; Gatesy, John (2009-09-23). "Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution" (in en). PLOS ONE 4 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 19774069. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.7062S. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Solé, FloréalExpression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2023). "New postcranial elements of mesonychid mammals from the Ypresian of France: New hypotheses for the radiation and evolution of the mesonychids in Europe". Journal of Mammalian Evolution 30 (2): 371-401. doi:10.1007/s10914-023-09651-x. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-023-09651-x. 
  15. ↑ Van Valen, Leigh M. (1966). "Deltatheridia, a new order of mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132 (1): 1-126. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/d1844096-a1c0-4ef6-9231-fad035129ea0. 
  16. ↑ Szalay, F.S.; Gould, S.J. (1966). "Asiatic Mesonychidae (Mammalia, Condylarthra)". Bulletin of the AMNH 132 (2): 127–174. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/e3701a9c-bf9b-434e-93d0-94ad405a4c83. 

Wikidata ☰ Q902084 entry




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