Biology:Trillium maculatum

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Short description: Species of flowering plant


Trillium maculatum

Apparently Secure (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Melanthiaceae
Genus: Trillium
Species:
T. maculatum
Binomial name
Trillium maculatum
Raf.[3]
Synonyms[4]

Trillium maculatum, the spotted wakerobin or spotted trillium,[5][6] is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a closely related group of sessile-flowered trilliums. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, ranging across Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and northern Florida.

Description

Trillium maculatum is a perennial, herbaceous, flowering plant that persists by means of an underground rhizome. Like all trilliums, it has a whorl of three bracts (leaves) and a single trimerous flower with three sepals, three petals, two whorls of three stamens each, and three carpels (fused into a single ovary with three stigmas).[7] It has a sessile flower (no flower stalk), erect petals, and mottled leaves.[8] Its flower petals are deep red or reddish-purple but occasionally yellow.[6]

Taxonomy

File:Icteria virens - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ16600287.tif
A botanical illustration of Trillium maculatum published by Mark Catesby in 1730.

Trillium maculatum was named and described by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1830.[3] The specific epithet maculatum means "spotted",[9] a reference to the conspicuously marked leaves of some forms of this species.[10] Although Rafinesque described a plant with spotted stems,[11] later authors have not confirmed that character. In his description of Trillium sessile in 1753,[12][13] the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus referred to an earlier description and illustration of a taxon published by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in 1730.[14] However, Catesby's illustration was identified as Trillium maculatum by the American botanist John Daniel Freeman in 1975.[15] As a result of Linnaeus' misinterpretation of Catesby's illustration, numerous authors erroniously applied the name Trillium sessile prior to 1830.

Trillium maculatum is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a group of eight taxa including Trillium luteum and Trillium cuneatum (in the strict sense).[16] All members of the complex are sessile-flowered trilliums (Trillium subgen. Sessilia).

Distribution and habitat

Trillium maculatum is endemic to the southeastern United States, ranging across South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and northern Florida.[4][17]

Ecology

Trillium maculatum flowers early February to early April.[18]

References

  1. ↑ Meredith, C.R.; ((Trillium Working Group 2019)) (2020). "Trillium maculatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T146086627A146089270.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/146086627/146089270. Retrieved 8 April 2024. 
  2. ↑ "Trillium maculatum". NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.151553/Trillium_maculatum. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Trillium maculatum Raf.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://www.ipni.org/n/542568-1. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Trillium maculatum Raf." (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/542568-1. 
  5. ↑ "Trillium maculatum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=TRMA5. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002), "Trillium maculatum", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), 26, New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102000, retrieved 31 March 2023 
  7. ↑ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002), "Trillium", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), 26, New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133668, retrieved 29 March 2023 
  8. ↑ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002), "Trillium subg. Phyllantherum", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), 26, New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=312201, retrieved 29 March 2023 
  9. ↑ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC. 
  10. ↑ Case & Case (1997), p. 209.
  11. ↑ Rafinesque, C. S. (1830). Medical Flora; or Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America. 2. Philadelphia. p. 103. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46930275#page/181/mode/1up. Retrieved 14 February 2022. 
  12. ↑ "Trillium sessile L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://www.ipni.org/n/258376-2. 
  13. ↑ Linnaeus (1753), p. 340.
  14. ↑ Catesby (1734–1747), p. 50, t. 50.
  15. ↑ Freeman (1975), pp. 11, 15, 27–28, 30.
  16. ↑ Lampley (2021), Ch. 2.
  17. ↑ "Trillium maculatum", County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA) (Biota of North America Program (BONAP)), 2014, http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Trillium%20maculatum.png, retrieved 31 March 2023 
  18. ↑ Stritch, Larry. "Spotted Trillium (Trillium maculatum)". United States Forest Service. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/trillium_maculatum.shtml. 

Bibliography

  • Case, Frederick W.; Case, Roberta B. (1997). Trilliums. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-374-2. https://archive.org/details/trilliums00case. 
  • Catesby, Mark (1734–1747). The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. 2. London: self-published. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126154#page/7/mode/1up. Retrieved 3 March 2025. 
  • Freeman, J. D. (1975). "Revision of Trillium subgenus Phyllantherum (Liliaceae)". Brittonia 27 (1): 1–62. doi:10.2307/2805646. Bibcode: 1975Britt..27....1F. 
  • Lampley, Jayne A. (2021). A systematic and biogeographic study of Trillium (Melanthiaceae) (PhD). University of Tennessee. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  • Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas (1st ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary. Retrieved 3 August 2023. 

Wikidata ☰ Q15544614 entry



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