Biology:Trillium pusillum
| Trillium pusillum | |
|---|---|
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| Trillium pusillum, Carroll County, Arkansas | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Melanthiaceae |
| Genus: | Trillium |
| Species: | T. pusillum
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| Binomial name | |
| Trillium pusillum | |
| Synonyms[3][4] | |
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T. pusillum var. pusillum
T. pusillum var. virginianum
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Trillium pusillum is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae known by the common names dwarf trillium, least trillium and dwarf wakerobin.[2][5][6][7] It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Oklahoma to Maryland.[8][9]
Description
Trillium pusillum is a perennial herbaceous plant with a thin, branching, horizontal rhizome. It produces one or two slender scapes up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) tall. They increase in size after flowering. The three bracts are dark green, sometimes with a red tinge when new. The flower has three green to red-tinged sepals up to 3 centimetres (1.2 in) long and three wavy-edged petals that open white but quickly age pink. The six stamens are tipped with lavender or yellow anthers each up to a centimeter long. The stigmas have long, narrow, spreading lobes. The pulpy fruit is 1–1.5 centimetres (0.4–0.6 in) long.[6]
Ecology
Trillium pusillum flowers from March to early May. It can be found in several habitat types, including savannas, swamps, bogs, forests and woods, and fields. It grows on acidic soils.[2] In Missouri, it is commonly pollinated by the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), and the seeds are dispersed by ants and harvestmen.[10]
Taxonomy
In addition to Trillium pusillum Michx., the following names are widely accepted:[3][4][6]
- Trillium pusillum var. pusillum
- Trillium pusillum var. virginianum Fernald
The flowers of var. virginianum are usually slightly smaller than those of var. pusillum. Also, the flower of var. pusillum sits on a pedicel 0.5 to 2 cm (0.20 to 0.79 in) in length[11] whereas the flower of var. virginianum is sessile or subsessile. If a pedicel is present in the latter variety, it is less than 0.3 cm (0.12 in) in length.[12]
Many other names are in use, including:
- Trillium pusillum var. ozarkanum (E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.) Steyerm.
- Trillium pusillum var. texanum (Buckley) Reveal & C.R.Broome
The name Trillium texanum Buckley, used interchangeably with Trillium pusillum var. texanum, is regarded by some as a synonym for Trillium pusillum var. pusillum.[13]
Bibliography
- Case, Frederick W.; Case, Roberta B. (1997). Trilliums. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-374-2. https://archive.org/details/trilliums00case.
- Farmer, Susan B. (2007). A Systematic Study of Trillium subgenus Delostylis (PhD). University of Tennessee. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
References
- ↑ Meredith, C.R.; Trillium Working Group 2019 (2020). "Trillium pusillum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T146086995A146089295. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T146086995A146089295.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/146086995/146089295. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 NatureServe (1 September 2023). "Trillium pusillum". Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.131904/Trillium_pusillum.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Trillium pusillum var. pusillum". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77170137-1.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Trillium pusillum var. virginianum Fernald". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:258360-2.
- ↑ Case & Case (1997), p. 123.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002), "Trillium pusillum", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), 26, New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102006
- ↑ "Trillium pusillum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=TRPU3.
- ↑ "Trillium pusillum", County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA) (Biota of North America Program (BONAP)), 2014, http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Trillium%20pusillum.png, retrieved 7 October 2019
- ↑ "Trillium pusillum Michx.". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328448-2.
- ↑ Andre, Cynthia S.; Wait, D. Alexander; Anderson, Wendy B. (2005). "Ecology of three populations of the rare woodland perennial, Trillium pusillum Michaux (Liliaceae), in southwestern Missouri". Missouriensis 26: 7–21. https://monativeplants.org/wp-content/uploads/missouriensis/missouriensis-26.pdf. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- ↑ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002), "Trillium pusillum var. pusillum", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), 26, New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102314
- ↑ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002), "Trillium pusillum var. virginianum", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), 26, New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102315
- ↑ "Trillium texanum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=290519.
External links
- Citizen science observations for Trillium pusillum at iNaturalist
- Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for Trillium pusillum ozarkanum
- Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for Trillium pusillum pusillum
- Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for Trillium pusillum virginianum
- "Trillium pusillum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=43084.
- "Trillium pusillum ozarkanum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=530737.
- "Trillium pusillum pusillum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=530738.
- "Trillium pusillum virginianum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=530739.
- Stritch, Larry. "Dwarf Trillium (Trillium pusillum var. pusillum)". United States Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/trillium_pusillum_pusillum.shtml.
- Stritch, Larry. "Virginia Dwarf Trillium (Trillium pusillum var. virginianum)". United States Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/trillium_pusillum_virginianum.shtml.
Wikidata ☰ Q7842054 entry
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