Biology:Triphyophyllum

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Triphyophyllum peltatum is a facultatively carnivorous,[1] up to 60 m (200 ft) tall vine[2] in the monotypic genus Triphyophyllum /ˌtrɪfioʊˈfɪləm/ in the family Dioncophyllaceae native to tropical western Africa, in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone[3] where it grows in tropical rainforest.[2]

Description

Flower, fruit and ripe seed of the adult plant
Juvenile non climbing insectivorous stage of Triphyophyllum with entire leaves and a single glandular insectivorous leaf resembling those of Drosophyllum
Unfurling tip of a juvenile insectivorous leaf with stalked glands in the SEM

Vegetative characteristics

It is a facultatively carnivorous, heterophyllous,[4] up to 60 m (200 ft) tall vine with glabrous, terete stems.[5] It has a three-stage lifecycle, each with a different shaped leaf, as indicated by its Greek name. In the first stage, T. peltatum forms a rosette of simple lanceolate Dracaena-like leaves about 18 cm (7.1 in) in length with undulate margins. At times when there is insufficient phosphorus in the soil[6][7] it develops long, slender, glandular, circinate leaves up to 35 cm (14 in) in length and bearing two sorts of glands, and resembling those of the related Drosophyllum, which capture insects; there being one to three of these leaves in each rosette.[8] In the plant's adult liana form it has short non-carnivorous leaves bearing a pair of "grappling hooks" [9] at their tips on a long twining stem which can become 50 metres (160 ft) in length and 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thick.[10][11] T. peltatum is the largest of all confirmed carnivorous plants in the world, but its carnivorous nature did not become known until 1979, over 50 years after the plant's scientific description.[4]

Generative characteristics

The axillary,[12][13] branched,[14] cymose, few-flowered[13] or many-flowered inflorescence bears up to 80 small, ephemeral,[14] fragrant,[12] white to pink,[14] bisexual, actinomorphic, pedicellate flowers.[13] The pedicel is up to 3 cm long. The flower has 5 triangular, 2 mm long sepals, and 5 obovate, 13 mm long petals.[13] The androecium consists of 10 stamens.[13][5] The style is very short.[5] The up to 4 cm wide, 1-seeded,[13] 4–5-valved capsule fruit[5][13] bears discoid, papery,[13] flat, winged, circular, pink to red,[12] 5–8[5](–10) cm wide seeds[15][12] with an up to 5.5 cm (2.2 in) long funiculus extending beyond the fruit.[13] Most of the seed's development occurs outside the fruit.[16] The seeds are wind-dispersed.[5][17]

Cytology

The chromosome count is 2n = 24,[5][13] 36.[13]

Taxonomy

Triphyophyllum peltatum was first described as Dioncophyllum peltatum Hutch. & Dalziel by John Hutchinson and John McEwan Dalziel in 1927.[18] It was moved to a new monotypic genus Triphyophyllum Airy Shaw as Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw by Herbert Kenneth Airy Shaw in 1952.[3][18]

Etymology

The generic name Triphyophyllum is derived from triphyes meaning of threefold form,[19] and phyllum meaning leaf.[20] It refers to the three growth stages of the plant with three different types of leaves.[6] The specific epithet peltatum means shield-like[21] and refers to the discoid seeds,[17] which have a long stalk that extends the seed beyond the capsule fruit.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Triphyophyllum is found in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone,[3] where it occurs in primary[5] and old secondary dry evergreen rainforests. The habitat has a 6–7 month dry season. The acid, nutrient-poor soil is shallow.[4]

Conservation

It is a rare and endangered species,[6] classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List.[22] Its population is declining, primarily due to habitat destruction from logging and mining.[22]

Cultivation

Triphyophylum peltatum is difficult to cultivate.[6][23] It is cultivated in several botanical gardens: Würzburg, Hannover,[24] Abidjan, Bonn, Cambridge University and Würzburg , and is exceedingly rare in private collections.

Uses

Triphyophyllum compounds; top left: R = -H: Habropetalin A; R = -OH: Dioncophyllin A.; bottom left: Dioncophyllin; bottom right: Dioncophyllin C.

Triphyophyllum peltatum is traditionally used in folk medicine in the treatment of elephantiasis[13][5] and malaria.[5] It produces many pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites, some of which have been found to have strong antiplasmodial activity. Some metabolites were found to have antitumoral and anti-multiple myeloma activity.[6] The stems are used as tying material.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Walker, C. (2023). "Triggered by phosphorous deficiency". Nature Plants 9 (6): 853. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-023-01450-9. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cross, A.; Krueger, T. (26 November 2020). "Save me, Seymour! The increasingly dire plight of Darwin’s “Most wonderful plants in the world.”". Restoration Ecology Lab, Ecological Health Network, & Missouri Botanical Garden. https://mbgecologicalrestoration.wordpress.com/2020/11/26/save-me-seymour-the-increasingly-dire-plight-of-darwins-most-wonderful-plants-in-the-world/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Triphyophyllum Airy Shaw". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14246-1. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Green, S.; Green, T. L.; Heslop-Harrison, Y. (1979). "Seasonal heterophylly and leaf gland features in Triphyophyllum (Dioncophyllaceae), a new carnivorous plant genus". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 78 (2): 99-116. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/78/2/99/2680576. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 Porembski, S.; Barthlott, W. (2003). "Dioncophyllaceae". in Kubitzki, K.. Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_19. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Winkelmann, Traud; Bringmann, Gerhard; Herwig, Anne; Hedrich, Rainer (2023). "Carnivory on demand: phosphorus deficiency induces glandular leaves in the African liana Triphyophyllum peltatum". New Phytologist 239 (3): 1140–1152. doi:10.1111/nph.18960. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 37191044. "confirmation of phosphorus starvation to be essential and sufficient". 
  7. ↑ Simons, Paul (17 April 2024). "Plantwatch: why does a rainforest vine turn into a part-time carnivore?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/17/plantwatch-why-does-a-rainforest-vine-turn-into-a-part-time-carnivore. 
  8. ↑ "Triphyophyllum peltatum - Redfern Natural History". http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/. 
  9. ↑ "Image of Triphyophyllum leaves". http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg. 
  10. ↑ George Cheer (1992). A GUIDE TO CARNIVOROUS PLANTS OF THE WORLD. Pymble, New South Wales, Aust.: Angus and Robertson. p. 122. 
  11. ↑ Slack, Adrian (1980). Carnivorous Plants. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 231-232 (Appendix 2). ISBN 9781899296132. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Slack, A. (2000). Carnivorous Plants. MIT Press. pp. 231–232. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Carnivorous_Plants/ROS4xtUpMFwC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Triphyophyllum&pg=PA231&printsec=frontcover. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 Fibres.  Niederlande:  Prota Foundation. 2012. pp. 438–440. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Fibres/AspmAgAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Triphyophyllum&pg=PA438&printsec=frontcover. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Triphyophyllum, das Hakenblatt". https://www.carnivoren.org/karnivoren/gattungen/triphyophyllum/. 
  15. ↑ Schmid-Hollinger, R.. "Triphyophyllum peltatum (“Hakenblatt”)". https://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/de/Fleischfressende_Pflanzen/triphyophyllum. 
  16. ↑ John Hutchinson; J. M. Dalziel (1928). "Tropical African Plants II". KEW BULLETIN: 31-32.  (Under the name Dioncophyllum peltatum)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Stach, G.; Timmann, L. (11 February 2006). "Species: Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutchinson & Dalziel) Airy Shaw, {1952}". https://www.fleischfressendepflanzen.de/db/species.ffp?id=35. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317595-1. 
  19. ↑ The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology.  Niederlande:  Academic Press. 2024. p. 14. https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Alkaloids/XifqEAAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Triphyophyllum&pg=PA14&printsec=frontcover. 
  20. ↑ "-phyllum". Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/-phyllum. 
  21. ↑ "Pelargonium peltatum (L) L’Hér". South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). https://pza.sanbi.org/pelargonium-peltatum. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named iucn
  23. ↑ Bringmann, Gerhard; Schlauer, Jan; Wolf, Kristina; Rischer, Heiko; Buschbom, Uwe; Kreiner, Andreas; Thiele, Friedrich; Duschek, Martin et al. (1999-03-01). "Cultivation of Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae), the part-time carnivorous plant". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 28 (1): 7–13. doi:10.55360/cpn281.gb418. 
  24. ↑ "Mangel weckt den Appetit auf Fleisch". Universität Würzburg (Press release) (in Deutsch). 16 May 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2025.

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