Biology:Vaccine resistance

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Short description: Adaptation of pathogens to reduce the protection of vaccines
See also: Breakthrough infection

Vaccine resistance is the evolutionary adaptation of pathogens to infect and spread through vaccinated individuals, analogous to antimicrobial resistance. It concerns both human and animal vaccines. Although the emergence of a number of vaccine resistant pathogens has been well documented, this phenomenon is nevertheless much more rare and less of a concern than antimicrobial resistance.

Vaccine resistance may be considered a special case of immune evasion, from the immunity conferred by the vaccine. Since the immunity conferred by a vaccine may be different from that induced by infection by the pathogen, the immune evasion may also be easier (in case of an inefficient vaccine) or more difficult (would be the case of the universal flu vaccine). We speak of vaccine resistance only if the immune evasion is a result of evolutionary adaptation of the pathogen (and not a feature of the pathogen that it had before any evolutionary adaptation to the vaccine) and the adaptation is driven by the selective pressure induced by the vaccine (this would not be the case of an immune evasion that is the result of genetic drift that would be present even without vaccinating the population).[citation needed]

Some of the causes advanced for less frequent emergence of resistance are[1][2] that

  • vaccines are mostly used for prophylaxis, that is before infection occurs, and usually act to suppress the pathogen before the host becomes infectious
  • most vaccines target multiple antigenic sites of the pathogen
  • different hosts may produce different immune responses to the same pathogen

For diseases that confer long lasting immunity after exposure, typically childhood diseases, it was argued that a vaccine may provide the same immune response as natural infection, so it is expected that there should be no vaccine resistance.[3][4]

If vaccine resistance emerges the vaccine may retain some level of protection against serious infection, possibly by modifying the immune response of the host away from immunopathology.[5]

The best known cases of vaccine resistance are for the following diseases

Other less documented cases are for avian influenza,[24] avian reovirus,[25] Corynebacterium diphtheriae,[26] feline calicivirus,[27] H. influenzae,[28] infectious bursal disease virus,[29] Neisseria meningitidis,[30] Newcastle disease virus,[31] and porcine circovirus type 2.[32]

References

  1. ↑ Kennedy, David A.; Read, Andrew F. (2017-03-29). "Why does drug resistance readily evolve but vaccine resistance does not?" (in en). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284 (1851): 20162562. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2562. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 28356449. 
  2. ↑ Kennedy, David A.; Read, Andrew F. (2018-12-18). "Why the evolution of vaccine resistance is less of a concern than the evolution of drug resistance". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (51): 12878–12886. doi:10.1073/pnas.1717159115. PMID 30559199. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..11512878K. 
  3. ↑ McLean, Angela Ruth (1995-09-22). "Vaccination, evolution and changes in the efficacy of vaccines: a theoretical framework". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 261 (1362): 389–393. doi:10.1098/rspb.1995.0164. PMID 8587880. Bibcode: 1995RSPSB.261..389M. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1995.0164. 
  4. ↑ Mclean, A. R (1998-01-01). "Vaccines and their impact on the control of disease". British Medical Bulletin 54 (3): 545–556. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011709. ISSN 0007-1420. PMID 10326283. 
  5. ↑ Graham, Andrea L.; Allen, Judith E.; Read, Andrew F. (2005-11-10). "Evolutionary Causes and Consequences of Immunopathology". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (1): 373–397. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152622. ISSN 1543-592X. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152622. 
  6. ↑ Witter, R. L. (1997). "Increased Virulence of Marek's Disease Virus Field Isolates". Avian Diseases 41 (1): 149–163. doi:10.2307/1592455. ISSN 0005-2086. PMID 9087332. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1592455. 
  7. ↑ Read, Andrew F.; Baigent, Susan J.; Powers, Claire; Kgosana, Lydia B.; Blackwell, Luke; Smith, Lorraine P.; Kennedy, David A.; Walkden-Brown, Stephen W. et al. (2015-07-27). "Imperfect Vaccination Can Enhance the Transmission of Highly Virulent Pathogens" (in en). PLOS Biology 13 (7): e1002198. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002198. ISSN 1545-7885. PMID 26214839. 
  8. ↑ Austin, D.A.; Robertson, P.A.W.; Austin, B. (2003-01-01). "Recovery of a New Biogroup of Yersinia ruckeri from Diseased Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum)" (in en). Systematic and Applied Microbiology 26 (1): 127–131. doi:10.1078/072320203322337416. ISSN 0723-2020. PMID 12747420. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0723202004701691. 
  9. ↑ Welch, Timothy J.; Verner-Jeffreys, David W.; Dalsgaard, Inger; Wiklund, Thomas; Evenhuis, Jason P.; Garcia Cabrera, Jose A.; Hinshaw, Jeffrey M.; Drennan, John D. et al. (2011). "Independent Emergence of Yersinia ruckeri Biotype 2 in the United States and Europe" (in en). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77 (10): 3493–3499. doi:10.1128/aem.02997-10. PMID 21441334. Bibcode: 2011ApEnM..77.3493W. 
  10. ↑ Banet-Noach, Caroline; Simanov, Lubov; Laham-Karam, Nihay; Perk, Shimon; Bacharach, Eran (2009). "Longitudinal Survey of Avian Metapneumoviruses in Poultry in Israel: Infiltration of Field Strains into Vaccinated Flocks". Avian Diseases 53 (2): 184–189. doi:10.1637/8466-090408-Reg.1. ISSN 0005-2086. PMID 19630222. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25599093. 
  11. ↑ Catelli, Elena; Lupini, Caterina; Cecchinato, Mattia; Ricchizzi, Enrico; Brown, Paul; Naylor, Clive J. (2010-01-22). "Field avian Metapneumovirus evolution avoiding vaccine induced immunity" (in en). Vaccine 28 (4): 916–921. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.149. ISSN 0264-410X. PMID 19931381. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X09017320. 
  12. ↑ Cecchinato, Mattia; Catelli, Elena; Lupini, Caterina; Ricchizzi, Enrico; Clubbe, Jayne; Battilani, Mara; Naylor, Clive J. (2010-11-20). "Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) attachment protein involvement in probable virus evolution concurrent with mass live vaccine introduction" (in en). Veterinary Microbiology 146 (1–2): 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.014. ISSN 0378-1135. PMID 20447777. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113510001951. 
  13. ↑ Naylor, Clive J.; Ling, Roger; Edworthy, Nicole; Savage, Carol E.; Easton, Andrew J.YR 2007 (2007). "Avian metapneumovirus SH gene end and G protein mutations influence the level of protection of live-vaccine candidates". Journal of General Virology 88 (6): 1767–1775. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82755-0. ISSN 1465-2099. PMID 17485538. 
  14. ↑ Weinberger, Daniel M; Malley, Richard; Lipsitch, Marc (December 2011). "Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination". The Lancet 378 (9807): 1962–1973. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62225-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 21492929. PMC 3256741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62225-8. 
  15. ↑ Brueggemann, Angela B.; Pai, Rekha; Crook, Derrick W.; Beall, Bernard (2007-11-16). "Vaccine Escape Recombinants Emerge after Pneumococcal Vaccination in the United States" (in en). PLOS Pathogens 3 (11): e168. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030168. ISSN 1553-7374. PMID 18020702. 
  16. ↑ Carman, W.F.; Karayiannis, P.; Waters, J.; Thomas, H.C.; Zanetti, A.R.; Manzillo, G.; Zuckerman, A.J. (August 1990). "Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus". The Lancet 336 (8711): 325–329. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91874-a. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 1697396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91874-A. 
  17. ↑ Zanetti, A.R.; Tanzi, E.; Manzillo, G.; Maio, G.; Sbreglia, C.; Caporaso, N.; Thomas, Howard; Zuckerman, ArieJ. (November 1988). "Hepatitis B Variant in Europe". The Lancet 332 (8620): 1132–1133. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90541-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 2460710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(88)90541-7. 
  18. ↑ Romanò, Luisa; Paladini, Sara; Galli, Cristina; Raimondo, Giovanni; Pollicino, Teresa; Zanetti, Alessandro R. (2015-01-01). "Hepatitis B vaccination". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 11 (1): 53–57. doi:10.4161/hv.34306. ISSN 2164-5515. PMID 25483515. PMC 4514213. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.34306. 
  19. ↑ Sheldon, J.; Soriano, V. (2008-02-04). "Hepatitis B virus escape mutants induced by antiviral therapy". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 61 (4): 766–768. doi:10.1093/jac/dkn014. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 18218641. 
  20. ↑ Mooi, F. R.; van Oirschot, H.; Heuvelman, K.; van der Heide, H. G.; Gaastra, W.; Willems, R. J. (February 1998). "Polymorphism in the Bordetella pertussis virulence factors P.69/pertactin and pertussis toxin in The Netherlands: temporal trends and evidence for vaccine-driven evolution". Infection and Immunity 66 (2): 670–675. doi:10.1128/IAI.66.2.670-675.1998. ISSN 0019-9567. PMID 9453625. 
  21. ↑ Kallonen, Teemu; He, Qiushui (2009-07-01). "Bordetella pertussis strain variation and evolution postvaccination". Expert Review of Vaccines 8 (7): 863–875. doi:10.1586/erv.09.46. ISSN 1476-0584. PMID 19538113. https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.09.46. 
  22. ↑ Hegerle, Nicolas; Guiso, Nicole (2014-09-01). "Bordetella pertussis and pertactin-deficient clinical isolates: lessons for pertussis vaccines". Expert Review of Vaccines 13 (9): 1135–1146. doi:10.1586/14760584.2014.932254. ISSN 1476-0584. PMID 24953157. https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2014.932254. 
  23. ↑ Safarchi, Azadeh; Octavia, Sophie; Luu, Laurence Don Wai; Tay, Chin Yen; Sintchenko, Vitali; Wood, Nicholas; Marshall, Helen; McIntyre, Peter et al. (2015-11-17). "Pertactin negative Bordetella pertussis demonstrates higher fitness under vaccine selection pressure in a mixed infection model" (in en). Vaccine 33 (46): 6277–6281. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.064. ISSN 0264-410X. PMID 26432908. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X15013407. 
  24. ↑ Lee, Chang-Won; Senne, Dennis A.; Suarez, David L. (2004). "Effect of Vaccine Use in the Evolution of Mexican Lineage H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus" (in en). Journal of Virology 78 (15): 8372–8381. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.15.8372-8381.2004. PMID 15254209. 
  25. ↑ Lu, Huaguang; Tang, Yi; Dunn, Patricia A.; Wallner-Pendleton, Eva A.; Lin, Lin; Knoll, Eric A. (2015-10-15). "Isolation and molecular characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants and novel strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011–2014" (in en). Scientific Reports 5 (1): 14727. doi:10.1038/srep14727. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 26469681. Bibcode: 2015NatSR...514727L. 
  26. ↑ Soubeyrand, Benoit; Plotkin, Stanley A. (June 2002). "Antitoxin vaccines and pathogen virulence" (in en). Nature 417 (6889): 609–610. doi:10.1038/417609b. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12050654. https://www.nature.com/articles/417609b. 
  27. ↑ Radford, Alan D.; Dawson, Susan; Coyne, Karen P.; Porter, Carol J.; Gaskell, Rosalind M. (2006-10-05). "The challenge for the next generation of feline calicivirus vaccines" (in en). Veterinary Microbiology 117 (1): 14–18. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.004. ISSN 0378-1135. PMID 16698199. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113506001386. 
  28. ↑ Ribeiro, Guilherme S.; Reis, Joice N.; Cordeiro, Soraia M.; Lima, Josilene B. T.; Gouveia, Edilane L.; Petersen, Maya; Salgado, Kátia; Silva, Hagamenon R. et al. (January 2003). "Prevention ofHaemophilus influenzaeType b (Hib) Meningitis and Emergence of Serotype Replacement with Type a Strains after Introduction of Hib Immunization in Brazil". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 187 (1): 109–116. doi:10.1086/345863. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 12508153. 
  29. ↑ Berg, Thierry P. Van Den (2000-06-01). "Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: A review". Avian Pathology 29 (3): 175–194. doi:10.1080/03079450050045431. ISSN 0307-9457. PMID 19184804. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450050045431. 
  30. ↑ Kertesz, Daniel A.; Coulthart, Michael B.; Ryan, J. Alan; Johnson, Wendy M.; Ashton, Fraser E. (June 1998). "Serogroup B, Electrophoretic Type 15 Neisseria meningitidis in Canada". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 177 (6): 1754–1757. doi:10.1086/517439. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9607865. 
  31. ↑ Boven, Michiel van; Bouma, Annemarie; Fabri, Teun H. F.; Katsma, Elly; Hartog, Leo; Koch, Guus (2008-02-01). "Herd immunity to Newcastle disease virus in poultry by vaccination". Avian Pathology 37 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1080/03079450701772391. ISSN 0307-9457. PMID 18202943. PMC 2556191. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450701772391. 
  32. ↑ Franzo, Giovanni; Tucciarone, Claudia Maria; Cecchinato, Mattia; Drigo, Michele (2016-12-19). "Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: A large scale epidemiological study" (in en). Scientific Reports 6 (1): 39458. doi:10.1038/srep39458. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 27991573. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...639458F. 



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