Chemistry:Dead Sea salt
Dead Sea salt refers to salt and other mineral deposits extracted or taken from the Dead Sea. The composition of this material differs significantly from oceanic salt.
History
Dead Sea salt was used by the peoples of Ancient Egypt[1] and it has been utilized in various unguents, skin creams, and soaps since then.[2]
Mineral composition
The Dead Sea's mineral composition varies with season, rainfall, depth of deposit, and ambient temperature. Most oceanic salt is approximately 85 wt.% sodium chloride (the same salt as table salt) while Dead Sea salt is only 30.5 wt.% of this, with the remainder composed of other dried minerals and salts. The concentrations of the major ions present in the Dead Sea water are given in the following table:[1]
| Ion | Concentration (g/L) |
|---|---|
| Chloride and Bromide | 230.4 |
| Magnesium | 45.9 |
| Sodium | 36.6 |
| Calcium | 17.6 |
| Potassium | 7.8 |
The chemical composition of the crystallized Dead Sea salts does not necessarily correspond to the results presented in this table because of composition changes due to the process of fractional crystallization.
The main detritic minerals present in the Dead Sea mud were carried by runoff streams flowing into the Dead Sea. They constituted large mud deposits intermixed with salt layers during the Holocene era. Their elemental composition expressed as equivalent oxides (except for Cl– and Br–) is given here below:[1]
| Mineral* | Content (wt. %) |
|---|---|
| Silicon dioxide | 20 |
| Calcium oxide | 15.5 |
| Aluminum oxide | 4.8 |
| Magnesium oxide | 4.5 |
| Iron(III) oxide | 2.8 |
| Sodium oxide | 1.7 |
| Potassium oxide | 1.3 |
| Titanium(IV) oxide | 0.5 |
| Sulfur trioxide | 0.4 |
| Phosphorus pentoxide | 0.3 |
| Chloride | 6.7 |
| Bromide | 0.2 |
Except for chloride and bromide, the results of the elemental composition of the Dead Sea mud given here above are presented as equivalent oxides for the sake of convenience.[3] To illustrate this chemical convention, the neutral sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is reported here as basic sodium oxide (Na2O) and acidic sulfur trioxide (SO3), neither of which can naturally occur under these free forms in this mud. However, one will note that the elemental composition given here above is incomplete as a major component is lacking in this table: carbon dioxide (CO2) accounting for the significant carbonate fraction present in this mud.
Therapeutic benefits
Dead Sea salts have been claimed to treat the following conditions:
Rheumatologic conditions
Rheumatologic conditions can be treated in the balneotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. The minerals are absorbed while soaking, stimulating blood circulation.[4]
Common skin ailments
Skin disorders such as acne and psoriasis may be relieved by regularly soaking the affected area in water with added Dead Sea salt. The National Psoriasis Foundation recommends Dead Sea and Dead Sea salts as effective treatments for psoriasis.[5][6] High concentration of magnesium in Dead Sea salt may be helpful in improving skin hydration and reducing inflammation,[7] although Epsom salt is a much less expensive salt that also contains high amounts of magnesium and therefore may be equally as useful for this purpose.
Allergies
The high concentration of bromide and magnesium in the Dead Sea salt may help relieve allergic reactions of the skin by reducing inflammation.[7]
Skin ageing
Dead Sea salt may reduce the depth of skin wrinkling, a form of skin ageing.[7]
See also
- Tourism in the Palestinian territories
- Tourism in Jordan
- Tourism in Israel
- Medical tourism in Israel
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ma’or, Zeev et al. "Antimicrobial properties of Dead Sea black mineral mud", International Journal of Dermatology, May 2006. Retrieved on 2008-04-13.
- ↑ The Rough Guide to Jordan: the rough guide. Matthew Teller, Ian J. Andrews, Tony Howard, Rana Husseini. Published by Rough Guides, 2002. ISBN:1-85828-740-5, ISBN:978-1-85828-740-9
- ↑ Teshome, Solomon. Problem-Solving Workbook with Solutions. https://www.academia.edu/35032458.
- ↑ Harari, Marco; Shani, Jashovam (1997). "Demographic evaluation of successful antipsoriatic climatotherapy at the Dead Sea (Israel) DMZ Clinic". International Journal of Dermatology 36 (4): 304–305. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00204.x. PMID 9169337.
- ↑ "The Dead Sea" National Psoriasis Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-04-10.
- ↑ Proksch, Ehrhardt MD, PhD et al. "Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration, and reduces inflammation in atopic dry skin", International Journal of Dermatology, February 2005. Retrieved on 2008-04-13.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ehrhardt, Proksch; Nissen, HP; Bremgartner, M; Urquhart, C (2005). "Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution: follow-on review". International Journal of Dermatology 44 (2): 151–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02079.x. PMID 15689218.
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