Chemistry:Demjanov rearrangement

The Demjanov rearrangement is the chemical reaction of primary amines with nitrous acid to give rearranged alcohols. It involves substitution by a hydroxyl group with a possible ring expansion. It is named after the Russian chemist Nikolai Jakovlevich Demjanov (Dem'anov, Demianov) (1861–1938).

Reaction mechanism

The reaction process begins with diazotization of the amine by nitrous acid. The diazonium group is a good leaving group, forming nitrogen gas when displaced from the organic structure. This displacement can occur via a rearrangement (path A), in which one of the sigma bonds adjacent to the diazo group migrates. This migration results in an expansion of the ring. The resulting carbocation is then attacked by a molecule of water. Alternately, the diazo group can be displaced directly by a molecule of water in an S_N2 reaction (path B). Both routes lead to formation of an alcohol.

A.
B.

Uses

The Demjanov rearrangement is a method to produce a 1-carbon ring enlargement in four, five or six membered rings. The resulting five, six, and seven-membered rings can then be used in further synthetic reactions.

It has been shown that the Demjanov reaction is susceptible to regioselectivity. One example of this is a study conducted by D. Fattori looking at the regioselectivity of the Demjanov rearrangement in one-carbon enlargements of naked sugars. It showed that when an exo methylamine underwent Demjanov nitrous acid deamination, ring enlargement was not produced.

However, when the endo methylamine underwent the same conditions, a mixture of rearranged alcohols were produced.

Problems

This rearrangement also leads to a substituted, but not expanded, byproduct. Thus it can be difficult to isolate the two products and acquire the desired yield. Also, stereoisomers are produced depending on the direction of addition of the water molecule and other molecules may be produced depending on rearrangements.

Future uses

Current research is exploring the possibilities of various directing groups to influence the selectivity of products in the Demjanov rearrangement, such as tin or silicon.This may lead to increased success with the Demjanov, as it would allow more control in the reaction and increase the desired product yield. The rearrangement is incredibly useful, but using it can sometimes prove ineffective by the difficulty of creating the preferred product. Thus if directing groups are possible, this would greatly improve the applicability of the Demjanov.

Variations

Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement

The Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement (after Marc Tiffeneau and Nikolai Demjanov) is a variation of the Demjanov rearrangement, which involves both a ring expansion and the production of a ketone by using sodium nitrite and hydrogen cation. Using the Tiffeneau-Demjanov reaction is often advantageous as, while there are rearrangements possible in the products, the reactant always undergoes ring enlargement. As in the Demjanov rearrangement, products illustrate regioselectivity in the reaction. Migratory aptitudes of functional groups dictate rearrangement products.

Use of diazomethane

Diazomethane also produces ring enlargement, and its reaction is mechanistically similar to the Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement.

References

1. ^ Demjanov, N. J.; Lushnikov, M. (1903). "[Products of the action of nitrous acid on tetramethylenylmethylamine]" (in ru). Zhurnal Russkago Fiziko-Khimicheskago Obshchestva [J. Russ. Phys. Chem.] 35: 26–42. 
2. ^ Demjanov, N. J.; Lushnikov, M. (1903). Chem. Zentr. 1: 828. 
3. ^ Smith, P. A. S.; Baer, D. R. (1960). Org. React. 11: 157.  (Review)
4. ^ Jack Li, Jie (2006). Name Reactions (Third ed.). Berlin: Springer. 
5. ^ Chow, L; McClure, M; White, J (2004). "Silicon and tin-directed Tiffeneau-Demjanov reaction". Org. Biomol. Chem. 2 (5): 648–50. doi:10.1039/b314923d. PMID 14985802. 
6. ^ Fattori, D.; Henry, S.; Vogel, P. (1993). "The Demjanov and Tiffeneau-Demjanov one-carbon ring enlargements of 2-aminomethyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivatives. The stereo- and regioselective additions of 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-2-one to soft electrophiles". Tetrahedron 49 (8): 1649–1664. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)80352-5. 
7. ^ McKinney, M.A.; Patel, P.P. (1973). "Ring expansions. I. Diazomethane and Tiffeneau-Demjanov ring expansions of norcamphor and dehydronorcamphor". J. Org. Chem. 38 (23): 4059. doi:10.1021/jo00987a023. 
8. ^ Kotani, R. (1965). "Demjanov Rearrangement of 1-Methylcyclohexanemethylamine". J. Org. Chem. 30 (2): 350–354. doi:10.1021/jo01013a009. 
9. ^ Diamond, J.; Bruce, W.F.; Tyson, F.T. (1965). "Hexahydro-1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-acetoxyazepine and the Demjanov Rearrangement of 1-Methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-methylamine*". J. Org. Chem. 30 (6): 1840. doi:10.1021/jo01017a030. 
10. ^ Nakazaki, M.; Naemura, K.; Hashimoto, M. (1985). "Unusual consecutive rearrangements in the Demjanov ring-expansion reaction of 2-(aminomethyl)-D2d-dinoradamantane and 9-(aminomethyl)noradamantane". J. Org. Chem. 48 (13): 2289. doi:10.1021/jo00161a033. 
11. ^ Jones, J.B.; Price, P. (1973). "Steroids and steroidases—XIX: Comparison of diazomethane and tiffeneau-demjanov homologations of 5α-3-oxosteroids. Evidence for predominant equatorial approach of the C-3 carbonyl group by diazomethane". Tetrahedron 29 (14): 1941–1947. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(73)80128-0. 
12. ^ Stern, A.G.; Nickon, A. (1992). "Synthesis of brexan-2-one and ring-expanded congeners". J. Org. Chem. 57 (20): 5432. doi:10.1021/jo00046a015.