Chemistry:Kagome metal

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Kagome metal
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
Properties
Fe3Sn2
Molar mass 404.955 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Kagome metal is a ferromagnetic quantum material that was first used in literature in 2011 for a compound of Fe
3Sn
2.[1] However, this material had been created for several decades.[2] In this material, metal atoms are arranged in a lattice resembling the Japanese kagome basket weaving pattern. The same material has also been termed as "kagome magnet" since 2018.[3][4][5][6] Kagome metal (or magnets) refer to a new class of magnetic quantum materials hosting kagome lattice and topological band structure.[6] They include 3-1 materials (example: antiferromagnet Mn
3Sn), 1-1 materials (example: paramagnet CoSn), 1-6-6 materials (example: ferrimagnet TbMn
6Sn
6), 3-2-2 materials (example: hard ferromagnet Co
3Sn
2S
2), and 3-2 materials (example: soft ferromagnet Fe
3Sn
2), thus demonstrating a variety of crystal and magnetic structures. They generally feature a 3d transition metal based magnetic kagome lattice with an in-plane lattice constant ~5.5 Å. Their 3d electrons dominate the low-energy electronic structure in these quantum materials, thus exhibiting electronic correlation. Crucially, the kagome lattice electrons generally feature Dirac band crossings and flat band, which are the source for nontrivial band topology. Moreover, they all contain the heavy element Sn, which can provide strong spin–orbit coupling to the system. Therefore, this is an ideal system to explore the rich interplay between geometry, correlation, and topology.

In the Kagome structure, atoms are arranged into layered sets of overlapping triangles so that there exist large empty hexagonal spaces. Electrons in the metal experience a "three-dimensional cousin of the quantum Hall effect".[7] The inherent magnetism of the metal and the quantum-mechanical magnetism induce electrons to flow around the edges of the triangular crystals, akin to superconductivity.[7] Unlike superconductivity, this structure and behavior is stable at room temperature.[8] Other structures were shown to exhibit the quantum hall effect at very low temperatures with an external magnetic field as high as 1 million times the strength that of the earth.[7] By building metal out of a ferromagnetic material, that exterior magnetic field was no longer necessary, and the quantum Hall effect persists into room temperature.

The Kagome alloy Fe
3Sn
2 displayed several exotic quantum electronic behaviors that add to its quantum topology. The lattice harbors massive Dirac fermions, Berry curvature, band gaps, and spin–orbit activity, all of which are conducive to the Hall Effect and zero energy loss electric currents.[8][9][10] These behaviors are promising for the development of technologies in quantum computing, spin superconductors, and low power electronics.[8][7] (As of 2019), more Kagome materials displaying similar topology were being experimented with, such as in magnetically doped Weyl-Semimetals Co
2MnGa and Co
3Sn
2S
2.[11] The new class of Kagome metals AV3Sb5 (A = Cs, Rb, K) were also discovered in 2019,[12] with CsV3Sb5 found to possess numerous exotic properties, including superconductivity,[13] topological states, and other exotic phenomena.[14][15][16][17]

Development

March 2018 experiment

The experiment published in Nature was led by Linda Ye and Mingu Kang from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Physics. The other researches published in the article were: Junwei Liu (MIT), Felix von Cube (Harvard), Christina R. Wicker (MIT), Takehito Suzuki (MIT), Chris Jozwiak (Berkeley Labs), Aaron Bostwick (Berkeley Labs), Eli Rotenberg (Berkeley Labs), David C. Bell (Harvard), Liang Fu (MIT), Riccardo Comin (MIT), and Joseph G. Checkelsky (MIT).[18]

The team constructed a Kagome lattice using an iron and tin alloy Fe
3Sn
2. When Fe
3Sn
2 is heated to about 750 °C (1,380 °F), the alloy naturally assumes a Kagome lattice structure.[19] To maintain this structure at room temperature, the team cooled it in an ice bath. The resulting structure had iron atoms at the corners of each triangle surrounding tin atoms, the tin atoms stabilizing the large empty hexagonal space.[7]

The photo-electronic structure of this metal was mapped at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Advanced Light Source beamlines 7.0.2 MAESTRO and 4.0.3 MERLIN. The measurements taken here mapped the band structures of the metal under a current and showed “the double-Dirac-cone structure corresponding to Dirac Fermions”.[8] A 30 meV gap between cones was shown, which is indicative of the Hall effect and massive Dirac fermions.[8]

The experiment was published in Nature on March 19, 2018.[7]

Expansions upon the 2018 experiment

Linda Ye and the rest of the MIT team continued working with the kagome metal, looking into more properties on Fe
3Sn
2 and other iron-tin alloys. According to an article published by the team on October 25, 2019 in Nature Communications, the lattice was shown to exhibit spin–orbit coupling de Haas van Alphen oscillations and Fermi surfaces.[10] The team also continued to modify the structure of the metal, and in an article published in Nature Materials on December 9, 2019, they found that FeSn in a 1 to 1 ratio exhibited a more “ideal” lattice. The two-dimensional layers with iron and tin in the kagome shape were separated by a layer entirely of tin, allowing them to have separate band structures.[20] This structure showed both massive Dirac fermions and electronic band structures where electrons do not occur.[20]

Spintronic application

Magnetic skyrmion

Magnetic skyrmionic bubbles have been found in Kagome metals over a wide temperature range. For example, they were observed in Fe
3Sn
2 at ~200-600 K using LTEM but with high critical field ~0.8 T.[21]

Recent studies have shown that, by breaking geometric symmetry ( such as thickness), the magnetic skyrmion in Fe
3Sn
2 can be nucleated by varying in-plane fields within 5-10 mT.[22]

See also

Further reading

  • Ye, Linda; Kang, Mingu; Liu, Junwei; von Cube, Felix; Wicker, Christina R.; Suzuki, Takehito; Jozwiak, Chris; Bostwick, Aaron et al. (19 March 2018), "Massive Dirac fermions in a ferromagnetic kagome metal", Nature 555 (7698): 638–642, doi:10.1038/nature25987, PMID 29555992, Bibcode: 2018Natur.555..638Y 

References

  1. ↑ Kida, T (2011). "The giant anomalous Hall effect in the ferromagnet Fe3Sn2—a frustrated kagome metal". J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 23 (11): 112205. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/23/11/112205. PMID 21358031. Bibcode: 2011JPCM...23k2205K. 
  2. ↑ Trumpy, G (1970). "Mössbauer-Effect Studies of Iron-Tin Alloys". Physical Review B 2 (9): 3477. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.2.3477. Bibcode: 1970PhRvB...2.3477T. https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/3535580/Both1.pdf. 
  3. ↑ Yin, Jia-Xin (2018). "Giant and anisotropic many-body spin–orbit tunability in a strongly correlated kagome magnet". Nature 562 (7725): 91–95. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0502-7. PMID 30209398. Bibcode: 2018Natur.562...91Y. 
  4. ↑ Li, Yangmu (2019). "Magnetic-Field Control of Topological Electronic Response near Room Temperature in Correlated Kagome Magnets". Physical Review Letters 123 (19): 196604. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.196604. PMID 31765205. Bibcode: 2019PhRvL.123s6604L. 
  5. ↑ Khadka, Durga (2020). "Anomalous Hall and Nernst effects in epitaxial films of topological kagome magnet Fe3Sn2". Physical Review Materials 4 (8): 084203. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.084203. Bibcode: 2020PhRvM...4h4203K. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Yin, Jia-Xin Yin (2021). "Probing topological quantum matter with scanning tunnelling microscopy". Nature Reviews Physics 3 (4): 249–263. doi:10.1038/s42254-021-00293-7. Bibcode: 2021NatRP...3..249Y. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Jennifer Chu (March 19, 2018), "Physicists discover new quantum electronic material", MIT News (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), https://news.mit.edu/2018/physicists-discover-new-quantum-electronic-material-0319 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "The Electronic Structure of a "Kagome" Material" (in en-US). 2018-06-15. https://als.lbl.gov/the-electronic-structure-of-a-kagome-material/. 
  9. ↑ "A new 'spin' on kagome lattices" (in en). https://phys.org/news/2018-12-kagome-lattices.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ye, Linda; Chan, Mun K.; McDonald, Ross D.; Graf, David; Kang, Mingu; Liu, Junwei; Suzuki, Takehito; Comin, Riccardo et al. (2019-10-25). "de Haas-van Alphen effect of correlated Dirac states in kagome metal Fe 3 Sn 2" (in en). Nature Communications 10 (1): 4870. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12822-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 31653866. Bibcode: 2019NatCo..10.4870Y. 
  11. ↑ "The best of two worlds: Magnetism and Weyl semimetals" (in en). September 2019. https://phys.org/news/2019-09-worlds-magnetism-weyl-semimetals.html. 
  12. ↑ Ortiz, Brenden R.; Gomes, Lídia C.; Morey, Jennifer R.; Winiarski, Michal; Bordelon, Mitchell; Mangum, John S.; Oswald, Iain W. H.; Rodriguez-Rivera, Jose A. et al. (2019-09-16). "New kagome prototype materials: discovery of ${\mathrm{KV}}_{3}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{5},{\mathrm{RbV}}_{3}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{5}$, and ${\mathrm{CsV}}_{3}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{5}$". Physical Review Materials 3 (9): 094407. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.094407. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.094407. 
  13. ↑ Ortiz, Brenden R.; Teicher, Samuel M. L.; Hu, Yong; Zuo, Julia L.; Sarte, Paul M.; Schueller, Emily C.; Abeykoon, A. M. Milinda; Krogstad, Matthew J. et al. (2020-12-10). "$\mathrm{Cs}{\mathrm{V}}_{3}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{5}$: A ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ Topological Kagome Metal with a Superconducting Ground State". Physical Review Letters 125 (24): 247002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.247002. PMID 33412053. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.247002. 
  14. ↑ Zhao, He; Li, Hong; Ortiz, Brenden R.; Teicher, Samuel M. L.; Park, Takamori; Ye, Mengxing; Wang, Ziqiang; Balents, Leon et al. (November 2021). "Cascade of correlated electron states in the kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5" (in en). Nature 599 (7884): 216–221. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03946-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34587622. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03946-w. 
  15. ↑ Guo, Chunyu; Putzke, Carsten; Konyzheva, Sofia; Huang, Xiangwei; Gutierrez-Amigo, Martin; Errea, Ion; Chen, Dong; Vergniory, Maia G. et al. (2022-10-12). "Switchable chiral transport in charge-ordered kagome metal CsV3Sb5" (in en). Nature 611 (7936): 461–466. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05127-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36224393. 
  16. ↑ Jiang, Yu-Xiao; Yin, Jia-Xin; Denner, M. Michael; Shumiya, Nana; Ortiz, Brenden R.; Xu, Gang; Guguchia, Zurab; He, Junyi et al. (October 2021). "Unconventional chiral charge order in kagome superconductor KV3Sb5" (in en). Nature Materials 20 (10): 1353–1357. doi:10.1038/s41563-021-01034-y. ISSN 1476-4660. PMID 34112979. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-021-01034-y. 
  17. ↑ Chen, Hui; Yang, Haitao; Hu, Bin; Zhao, Zhen; Yuan, Jie; Xing, Yuqing; Qian, Guojian; Huang, Zihao et al. (November 2021). "Roton pair density wave in a strong-coupling kagome superconductor" (in en). Nature 599 (7884): 222–228. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03983-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34587621. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03983-5. 
  18. ↑ Ye, Linda; Kang, Mingu; Liu, Junwei; von Cube, Felix; Wicker, Christina R.; Suzuki, Takehito; Jozwiak, Chris; Bostwick, Aaron et al. (19 March 2018). "Massive Dirac fermions in a ferromagnetic kagome metal" (in en). Nature 555 (7698): 638–642. doi:10.1038/nature25987. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 29555992. Bibcode: 2018Natur.555..638Y. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25987. 
  19. ↑ Aristos Georgiou (March 20, 2018), "Kagome metal: new exotic quantum material developed by scientists", Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/kagome-metal-new-exotic-quantum-material-discovered-scientists-853426 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "MIT researchers realize "ideal" kagome metal electronic structure". http://news.mit.edu/2019/mit-researchers-realize-ideal-kagome-metal-electronic-structure-1212. 
  21. ↑ Hou, Zhipeng; Ren, Weijun; Ding, Bei; Xu, Guizhou; Wang, Yue; Yang, Bing; Zhang, Qiang; Zhang, Ying et al. (August 2017). "Observation of Various and Spontaneous Magnetic Skyrmionic Bubbles at Room Temperature in a Frustrated Kagome Magnet with Uniaxial Magnetic Anisotropy" (in en). Advanced Materials 29 (29): 1701144. doi:10.1002/adma.201701144. PMID 28589629. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201701144. 
  22. ↑ Wang, Binbin; Wu, Po-kuan; Bagués Salguero, Núria; Zheng, Qiang; Yan, Jiaqiang; Randeria, Mohit; McComb, David W. (2021-08-24). "Stimulated Nucleation of Skyrmions in a Centrosymmetric Magnet". ACS Nano 15 (8): 13495–13503. doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c04053. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 34374281. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c04053. 



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