Chemistry:Leonurine

From HandWiki
Leonurine
Leonurine structure.png
Names
IUPAC name
4-(Diaminomethylideneamino)butyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
KEGG
UNII
Properties
C14H21N3O5
Molar mass 311.338 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is ☑Y☒N ?)
Infobox references
Tracking categories (test):

Leonurine (also known as "SCM-198" in research) is a pseudoalkaloid that has been isolated from Leonotis leonurus, Leonotis nepetifolia, Leonurus japonicus, Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort), Leonurus sibiricus, as well as other plants of family Lamiaceae.[citation needed] Leonurine is easily extracted into water.[1]

Pharmacology

Leonurine weakly binds to multiple GABA receptor sites including the GABA-A receptor.[2][3] but shows much higher affinity as a 5-HT3A antagonist[4] 5-HT3A antagonists have been shown to help prevent nausea and vomiting as well as the negative effects of serotonin in the G.I tract.[5][6]

Leonurine can regulate a variety of functions including oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and metabolic disorder.[7][8][9]

Leonurine has demonstrated antidepressant-like action and has been shown to increase levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine in chronic mild stress studies on mice and inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines.[10][11][12]

Leonurine has been investigated as a potential treatment for cardiovascular disorders.[13][14][15][16] and protects against oxidative damage from ischemic stroke and demonstrates neuroprotective activity against focal cerebral ischemia brain injury induced on rats.[17][18][19]

Leonurine protects mice from pneumonia induced by influenza A[20]

Leonurine has demonstrated anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo.[21][22][23][24][25]

Metabolites

Metabolites of Leonurine in Rats dosed orally include Leonurine-10-O-sulfate (The sulfate conjugate of Leonurine), Leonurine-10-O-β-D-glucuronide (The glucuronide metabolite of Leonurine) and a O-demethylated Leonurine analog that has not yet had its structure definitively confirmed.[26]

Chemical synthesis

Leonurine can be synthesized starting from eudesmic acid. Reaction with sulfuric acid produces syringic acid. Protection with ethyl chloroformate followed by reaction with thionyl chloride SOCl2 and then tetrahydrofuran yields 4-carboethoxysyringic acid 4-chloro-1-butyl ester. The chloride is then converted to an amino group via a Gabriel synthesis (with potassium pthalimide) followed by hydrazinolysis (Ing–Manske procedure). The final step is reaction of the amine with S-methylisothiourea hemisulfate salt.

Leonurine synthesis[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The Leonurine and its preparation". An Hui New Star Pharmaceutical Development Co.. 2008. http://www.newstar-chem.com/english/display.asp?id=208. 
  2. ↑ Çiçek, S. S. (2018). "Structure-Dependent Activity of Natural GABA(A) Receptor Modulators". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 23 (7): 1512. doi:10.3390/molecules23071512. PMID 29932138. 
  3. ↑ Rauwald, H. W.; Kuchta, K.; Savtschenko, A.; Brückner, A.; Rusch, C.; Appel, K. (August 2013). "GABAA receptor binding assays of standardized Leonurus cardiaca and L. japonicus extracts as well as their isolated constituents". Planta Medica 79 (13): PN52. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1352395. 
  4. ↑ Hoffmann, Katrin M.; Herbrechter, Robin; Ziemba, Paul M.; Lepke, Peter; Beltrán, Leopoldo; Hatt, Hanns; Werner, Markus; Gisselmann, Günter (2016). "Kampo Medicine: Evaluation of the Pharmacological Activity of 121 Herbal Drugs on GABAA and 5-HT3A Receptors". Frontiers in Pharmacology 7: 219. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00219. PMID 27524967. 
  5. ↑ Theriot, Jonathan; Wermuth, Harrison R.; Ashurst, John V. (2022). "Antiemetic Serotonin-5-HT3 Receptor Blockers". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513318/. 
  6. ↑ "List of 5HT3 receptor antagonists (5hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists)". https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/5ht3-receptor-antagonists.html. 
  7. ↑ Li, Yun-yun; Lin, Yi-kong; Liu, Xin-hua; Wang, Li; Yu, Min; Li, Da-jin; Zhu, Yi-zhun; Du, Mei-rong (February 2020). "Leonurine: From Gynecologic Medicine to Pleiotropic Agent". Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 26 (2): 152–160. doi:10.1007/s11655-019-3453-0. PMID 31069695. 
  8. ↑ Li, Nan; Xu, Qiang; Liu, Qingping; Pan, Dongmei; Jiang, Yubao; Liu, Minying; Liu, Mingling; Xu, Hanshi et al. (1 August 2017). "Leonurine attenuates fibroblast-like synoviocyte-mediated synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis". Rheumatology 56 (8): 1417–1427. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex142. PMID 28431044. 
  9. ↑ Zheng, Suna; Zhuang, Tianchi; Tang, Yajun; Wu, Ruihan; Xu, Ting; Leng, Tian; Wang, Yao; Lin, Zheng et al. (23 August 2021). "Leonurine protects against ulcerative colitis by alleviating inflammation and modulating intestinal microflora in mouse models". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22 (5): 1199. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10633. PMID 34584544. 
  10. ↑ Jia, Miaomiao; Li, Chenxin; Zheng, Ying; Ding, Xiaojing; Chen, Meng; Ding, Jianhua; Du, Renhong; Lu, Ming et al. (1 November 2017). "Leonurine Exerts Antidepressant-Like Effects in the Chronic Mild Stress-Induced Depression Model in Mice by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 20 (11): 886–895. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx062. PMID 29016795. 
  11. ↑ Shi, Xue Ru; Hong, Zhen Yi; Liu, Hong Rui; Zhang, Yu Chen; Zhu, Yi Zhun (1 July 2011). "Neuroprotective effects of SCM198 on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced behavioral deficit in rats and cytotoxicity in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells". Neurochemistry International 58 (8): 851–860. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.007. PMID 21093517. 
  12. ↑ Liao, Li; Zhou, Mengting; Wang, Jing; Xue, Xinyan; Deng, Ying; Zhao, Xingtao; Peng, Cheng; Li, Yunxia (4 November 2021). "Identification of the Antithrombotic Mechanism of Leonurine in Adrenalin Hydrochloride-Induced Thrombosis in Zebrafish via Regulating Oxidative Stress and Coagulation Cascade". Frontiers in Pharmacology 12: 742954. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.742954. PMID 34803688. 
  13. ↑ Huang, Lu; Xu, Ding-Qiao; Chen, Yan-Yan; Yue, Shi-Jun; Tang, Yu-Ping (2021). "Leonurine, a potential drug for the treatment of cardiovascular system and central nervous system diseases". Brain and Behavior 11 (2): e01995. doi:10.1002/brb3.1995. PMID 33300684. 
  14. ↑ Wang, Ruiyu; Peng, Linqian; Lv, Dingyi; Shang, Feifei; Yan, Jianghong; Li, Guoxing; Li, Dan; Ouyang, Jing et al. (February 2021). "Leonurine Attenuates Myocardial Fibrosis Through Upregulation of miR-29a-3p in Mice Post-myocardial Infarction". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 77 (2): 189–199. doi:10.1097/FJC.0000000000000957. PMID 33235025. 
  15. ↑ Zhu, Qing; Cai, Weimin; Sha, Xianyi; Ma, Guo; Zheng, Yuanting; Shi, Xueru; Zhu, Yizhun (April 2012). "Quantification of leonurine, a novel potential cardiovascular agent, in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study in rats: LC-MS/MS method for determination of leonurine and its application". Biomedical Chromatography 26 (4): 518–523. doi:10.1002/bmc.1699. PMID 21882210. 
  16. ↑ Liu, Xin-Hua; Pan, Li-Long; Deng, Hai-Yan; Xiong, Qing-Hui; Wu, Dan; Huang, Guo-Ying; Gong, Qi-Hai; Zhu, Yi-Zhun (January 2013). "Leonurine (SCM-198) attenuates myocardial fibrotic response via inhibition of NADPH oxidase 4". Free Radical Biology and Medicine 54: 93–104. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.555. PMID 23127783. 
  17. ↑ Xie, Yan-Zhao; Zhang, Xiang-Jian; Zhang, Cong; Yang, Yang; He, Jun-Na; Chen, Yan-Xia (2019). "Protective effects of leonurine against ischemic stroke in mice by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 25 (9): 1006–1017. doi:10.1111/cns.13146. PMID 31087454. 
  18. ↑ Li, Feng; Zhu, Sifeng; Jiang, Qihui; Hou, Chenhui; Pang, Tao; Zhang, Liang; Li, Wenbao (7 July 2021). "Novel Stachydrine–Leonurine Conjugate SL06 as a Potent Neuroprotective Agent for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke". ACS Chemical Neuroscience 12 (13): 2478–2490. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00200. PMID 34180238. 
  19. ↑ Liu, Haichao; Zhang, Xiangjian; Du, Yuanyuan; Ji, Hui; Li, Shuya; Li, Litao; Xing, Yinxue; Zhang, Xiaolin et al. (September 2012). "Leonurine protects brain injury by increased activities of UCP4, SOD, CAT and Bcl-2, decreased levels of MDA and Bax, and ameliorated ultrastructure of mitochondria in experimental stroke". Brain Research 1474: 73–81. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.028. PMID 22842526. 
  20. ↑ Qiu, Li-Nan; Tan, Ya-Rong; Luo, Yu-Ju; Chen, Xiao-Juan (23 September 2021). "Leonurine protects against influenza A virus infection-induced pneumonia in mice". Pathogens and Disease 79 (7): ftab045. doi:10.1093/femspd/ftab045. PMID 34543397. 
  21. ↑ Zhuang, Qiang; Ruan, Lina; Jin, Ting; Zheng, Xiangkuo; Jin, Zhenlin (2021). "Anti-leukaemia effects of leonurine in vitro and in vivo". General Physiology and Biophysics 40 (5): 397–407. doi:10.4149/gpb_2021018. PMID 34602453. 
  22. ↑ Liu, Hui-Min; Guo, Chun-Ling; Zhang, Yao-Fang; Chen, Jian-Fang; Liang, Zhi-Peng; Yang, Lin-Hua; Ma, Yan-Ping (2021). "Leonurine-Repressed miR-18a-5p/SOCS5/JAK2/STAT3 Axis Activity Disrupts CML malignancy". Frontiers in Pharmacology 12: 657724. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.657724. PMID 33935775. 
  23. ↑ Mao, Feng; Zhang, Liang; Cai, Ming-Hui; Guo, Hong; Yuan, Hai-Hua (2 November 2015). "Leonurine hydrochloride induces apoptosis of H292 lung cancer cell by a mitochondria-dependent pathway". Pharmaceutical Biology 53 (11): 1684–1690. doi:10.3109/13880209.2014.1001406. PMID 25856714. 
  24. ↑ Lin, Min; Pan, Chunyu; Xu, Wenbin; Li, Jingwei; Zhu, Xueqiong (15 May 2020). "Leonurine Promotes Cisplatin Sensitivity in Human Cervical Cancer Cells Through Increasing Apoptosis and Inhibiting Drug-Resistant Proteins". Drug Design, Development and Therapy 14: 1885–1895. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S252112. PMID 32523334. 
  25. ↑ Li, Xiaocui; Xie, Yushan; Qu, Wei; Ou, Xiaojun; Ou, Xiaowen; Wang, Chuang; Qi, Xiaoxiao; Wang, Ying et al. (November 2020). "Breast Cancer Resistance Protein and Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 Mediate the Disposition of Leonurine-10-O-β-glucuronide". Current Drug Metabolism 21 (13): 1060–1067. doi:10.2174/1389200221999201116142742. PMID 33198612. 
  26. ↑ Zhu, Qing; Zhang, Jinlian; Yang, Ping; Tan, Bo; Liu, Xinhua; Zheng, Yuanting; Cai, Weimin; Zhu, Yizhun (2014). "Characterization of Metabolites of Leonurine (SCM-198) in Rats after Oral Administration by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry and NMR Spectrometry". The Scientific World Journal 2014: 947946. doi:10.1155/2014/947946. PMID 24772041. 

Further reading

  • "Leonurine, an improved synthesis". Experientia 35 (5): 571–2. May 1979. doi:10.1007/BF01960323. PMID 446644. 
  • Huang, L., Xu, D. Q., Chen, Y. Y., Yue, S. J., & Tang, Y. P. (2021). Leonurine, a potential drug for the treatment of cardiovascular system and central nervous system diseases. Brain and behavior, 11(2), e01995. PMID 33300684 PMC 7882174 doi:10.1002/brb3.1995



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Leonurine&oldid=3336278"