Chemistry:Nervonic acid
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| IUPAC name
(Z)-Tetracos-15-enoic acid
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| Other names
cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid
24:1 cis, delta 15 or 24:1 omega 9 | |
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| Properties | |
| C24H46O2 | |
| Molar mass | 366.62 g/mol |
| Melting point | 42 to 43 °C (108 to 109 °F; 315 to 316 K) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
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| Infobox references | |
Nervonic acid (24:1, n−9) is a fatty acid. It is a monounsaturated analog of lignoceric acid (24:0). It is also known as selacholeic acid and cis-15-tetracosenoic acid. Its name derives from the Latin word nervus, meaning nerve or sinew.
It exists in nature as an elongation product of oleic acid (18:1 Δ9). Its immediate precursor is erucic acid. Nervonic acid is particularly abundant in the white matter of animal brains and in peripheral nervous tissue where nervonyl sphingolipids are enriched in the myelin sheath of nerve fibers.[2]
This acid is among the group of cerebrosides, which are fatty acids of the glycosphingolipids group, which are components of muscles and the nervous system, accounting for approximately 40% of the total fatty acids in sphingolipids.[3]
Structure
As it is defined as a monounsaturated fatty acid, it has one double bond in the fatty acid chain and all the remaining carbon atoms are single-bonded.
It is classified in the sub-group of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), which includes molecules containing more than 20 carbon atoms. It has specifically 24-carbon backbone and the sole C=C double bond originating from the methyl end is in n-9 or omega-9 (ω-9).[3]
Functions
Nervonic acid may be involved in the growth and maintenance of nerve tissue as a regulator of Ca2+ ion channels in the cell membranes of nerve tissue.
Sources
| Plant sources | |
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| Brassica oilseeds | 69–83 |
| Flaxseed | 64 |
| Animal sources | |
| King salmon (Chinook) | 140 |
Nervonic acid occurs in seed oil of plants, where significant amounts are contained. Indeed, more than 10% of the lipids contain nervonic acid, usually in the form of triglycerides. The seed oils of Lunaria species (Lunaria biennis or Lunaria annua, for example) are a quite important source of this long chain fatty acid, since they contain over 20% of it in the triglyceride lipid. Nervonic acid is also found in Cardamine gracea, Heliophila longifola, and Malania oleifera. In all these species, 24:1 usually is esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions on the glycerol backbone.[4] Other sources can be the molds Neocallimastix frontalis, the bacterium Pseudomonas atlantica, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the marine diatom Nitzschia cylindrus.[5]
Nervonic acid was first isolated from the brains of sharks and its molecular structure was determined over a century ago; due to this, the acid is also known as shark oil acid. Scientists found that shark brains could repair themselves quickly after being damaged, suggesting that nervonic acid had the ability to promote the repair and regeneration of nerve fibers in damaged brain tissue.[6]
References
- ↑ Nervonic acid at Sigma-Aldrich
- ↑ "American Oil Chemists' Society". http://www.aocs.org/Membership/informArticleDetail.cfm?itemnumber=11122.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sandhir, R.; Khan, M.; Chahal, A.; Singh, I. (1998). "Localization of nervonic acid beta-oxidation in human and rodent peroxisomes: Impaired oxidation in Zellweger syndrome and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy". Journal of Lipid Research 39 (11): 2161–71. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32471-8. PMID 9799802. http://www.jlr.org/content/39/11/2161.full.pdf.
- ↑ Taylor, David (2009). New seeds oils improved human and animal health:genetic manipulation of the Brassicaceae for oils enriched in Nervonic acid. ISBN 9780891181699. https://books.google.com/books?id=lGhhHQAAG4oC&q=nervonic&pg=PA219.
- ↑ Taylor, David C.; Falk, Kevin C.; Palmer, C. Don; Hammerlindl, Joe; Babic, Vivijan; Mietkiewska, Elzbieta; Jadhav, Ashok; Marillia, Elizabeth-France et al. (2010). "Brassica carinata - a new molecular farming platform for delivering bio-industrial oil feedstocks: Case studies of genetic modifications to improve very long-chain fatty acid and oil content in seeds". Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 4 (5): 538. doi:10.1002/bbb.231. https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=dd231fa9-b609-4b55-a3d0-8997439e0a31.
- ↑ Liu, Fang; Wang, Pandi; Xiong, Xiaojuan; Zeng, Xinhua; Zhang, Xiaobo; Wu, Gang (5 March 2021). "A Review of Nervonic Acid Production in Plants: Prospects for the Genetic Engineering of High Nervonic Acid Cultivars Plants". Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 626625. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.626625. PMID 33747006.
Additional references
- Appelqvist (1976) Lipids in Cruciferae. In: Vaughan JG, Macleod AJ (Eds), The biology and the Chemistry of Cruciferae. Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 221–277.
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