Chemistry:Oxybuprocaine

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Short description: Chemical compound
Oxybuprocaine
Oxybuprocaine.svg
Clinical data
Trade namesNovesin(e)
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration
Topical
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances)
Pharmacokinetic data
MetabolismEsterases in blood plasma and liver
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H28N2O3
Molar mass308.422 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Oxybuprocaine (INN), also known as benoxinate or BNX, is an ester-type local anesthetic, which is used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology. Oxybuprocaine is sold by Novartis under the brand names Novesine or Novesin.

Safety for use in pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Uses

  • In ophthalmology in order to numb the surface of the eye (the outermost layers of the cornea and conjunctiva) for the following purposes:[1]
    • in order to perform a contact/applanation tonometry,
    • for small operations,
    • in order to remove small foreign objects from the uppermost layer of the cornea or conjunctiva;
  • in otolaryngology for numbing the mucous membranes of the nostrils and pharynx, for diagnostic purposes and small operations,[2]
  • for numbing the mucous membranes of bronchi, for example in bronchoscopy,[2]

Pharmacokinetics

Anaesthesia starts with a latency of 30 to 50 seconds and lasts for about 10 to 30 minutes, depending on perfusion. The drug is metabolised by esterases in blood plasma and liver.[2]

Adverse effects

When used excessively, oxybuprocaine like any other topical anesthetic used in the eye and on mucous membranes (like for example tetracaine, proxymetacaine and proparacaine) can cause irritation, hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, irreversible corneal damage and even complete destruction of the cornea.[1][3] (Excessive use means several times a day during several days or even weeks.)

Interactions

Oxybuprocaine is incompatible with silver and mercury salts, as well as alkaline substances. It also reduces the antimicrobial action of sulfonamides.[2]

Synthesis

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Thieme Synthesis:[4] Patent:[5] Sino:[6] Precursor patent:[7]

The nitration of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid [99-06-9] (0) gives 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid [619-14-7] (1). Fischer esterification with ethanol gives ethyl 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoate [717-01-1] (2). The phenoxide ion was then prepared from potash (3). Alkylation with 1-bromobutane supplied ethyl 3-butoxy-4-nitrobenzoate, CID:13346201 (4). The product is crystallized from hydrochloric acid, and then halogenation with thionyl chloride gives 3-butoxy-4-nitrobenzoyl chloride [23442-21-9] (5). Esterification with diethylaminoethanol [100-37-8] (6) gives 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 3-butoxy-4-nitrobenzoate, CID:13346204 (7) Lastly, catalytic hydrogenation over Raney-Nickel completes the synthesis of Oxybuprocaine (8).

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Drugs.com: Minims Oxybuprocaine Hydrochloride 0.4%
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 (in de) Austria-Codex (2007/2008 ed.). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. 2007. ISBN 978-3-85200-181-4. 
  3. "Toxicities of topical ophthalmic anesthetics". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 6 (6): 637–40. November 2007. doi:10.1517/14740338.6.6.637. PMID 17967152. 
  4. Büchi, J.; Stünzi, Elisabeth; Flury, M.; Hirt, R.; Labhart, P.; Ragaz, L. (1951). "Über lokalanästhetisch wirksame basische Ester und Amide verschiedener Alkoxy-amino-benzoesäuren". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 34 (4): 1002–1013. doi:10.1002/hlca.19510340404.
  5. Anon., GB patent 654484 (1951 to Wander AG).
  6. Lai Fuping, CN patent 106810463 (2017 to Shenzhen Oasis Pharmaceutical Co Ltd).
  7. 叶芳, CN patent 105669462A (2016).