Chemistry:Replikins
Replikins, according to some studies, are short peptide sequences characterized by recurring appearances of lysine and histidine residues. One study described these sequences as being 7 to 50 amino acids long, containing two or more lysine residues, at least one histidine, and a 6% or more concentration of lysine.[1] They are typically identified by calculating a "replikin count," which reflects the frequency of these sequences per 100 amino acids in a protein.[1] Some studies have proposed that increases in replikin concentration may correspond with rapid viral replication or changes in pathological behavior, including in the analyses of influenza outbreaks.[1] Replikins have also been investigated in experimental peptide vaccines and in studies exploring potential connections between genomic replikin counts and cancer lethality.[2][3]
A method for identifying replikins was patented by Samuel and Elenore S. Bogoch in 2001.[4] The peptide group was first identified by a proprietary company called Replikins, who have trademarked the name "Replikin Count".
Proposed research applications
Viral Outbreak Prediction
A 2011 study by Bogoch and Bogoch suggested that increases in "replikin counts" within influenza viruses, like H1N1 and H5N1, may happen before or during major outbreaks.[1] The authors also noted similar patterns in H5N1, where higher replikin concentrations were observed in strains linked to greater infectivity.[1] They proposed that these changes could act as early signals for emerging or rapidly spreading strains, although this idea has not been supported in broader research.[1]
Vaccine research
A study tested a synthetic replikin peptide vaccine against a low-pathogenicity H5 influenza in chickens. [2] The authors reported that the vaccinated birds did not shed detectable virus after being challenged with the same strain.[2] They suggested that reducing virus shedding could lower the chance of low-pathogenic H5 viruses evolving into highly pathogenic forms, and mentioned that the vaccine could be delivered through mass application to the upper respiratory tract.[2]
Replikins and Cancer
A preprint by Bogoch and Bogoch reported that cancer types with higher "replikin counts" in their genomic proteins were associated with higher mortality rates.[3] The authors compared replikin counts across different cancer cell types and suggested that rapidly lethal cancers, such as glioblastoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, had some of the highest measured counts. They also described a related antibody called antimalignin antibody and claimed there was an increase in concentration during active cancer and returned to lower levels during remission.[3] The authors proposed that replikin concentration might connect to how rapidly certain cancers replicate, but these findings have not been independently confirmed.[3]
See also
- 2009 flu pandemic
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Bogoch, Samuel; Bogoch, Elenore (2011-08-23). "Prediction of specific virus outbreaks made from the increased concentration of a new class of virus genomic peptides, replikins." (in en). Nature Precedings: 1–1. doi:10.1038/npre.2011.6279.1. ISSN 1756-0357. https://www.nature.com/articles/npre.2011.6279.1.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Jackwood, Mark W.; Bogoch, Samuel; Bogoch, Elenore S.; Hilt, Deborah; Williams, Susan M. (2009). "Efficacy of a Replikin Peptide Vaccine against Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H5 Virus". Avian Diseases 53 (4): 613–617. ISSN 0005-2086. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25599171.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bogoch, Samuel; Bogoch, Elenore (2012-04-04). "Genome Replikin Count Predicts Increased Lethality of Cancer" (in en). Nature Precedings: 1–1. doi:10.1038/npre.2012.7143.1. ISSN 1756-0357. https://www.nature.com/articles/npre.2012.7143.1.
- ↑ "Replikin peptides and antibodies therefore ". http://www.freshpatents.com/Replikin-peptides-and-antibodies-therefore-dt20090528ptan20090137778.php.
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