Chemistry:Rubrene
Rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene) is the organic compound with the formula (C
18H
8(C
6H
5)
4. It is a red colored polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Because of its distinctive optical and electrical properties, rubrene has been extensively studied. It has been used as a sensitiser in chemoluminescence and as a yellow light source in lightsticks.[1]
Electronic properties
As an organic semiconductor, rubrene has been described as a "super star". Like almost many organic electronic materials, rubrene remains in the ranks of promising, not commercial.[2] It has been intensively investigated for applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic field-effect transistors, which are the core elements of flexible displays. Single-crystal transistors have hole conductivities of 15 cm2/V.s.[3] The high hole mobility is observed for single crystals, not films, which would be of greater interest. Rubrene is also susceptible to oxidative degradation.
Many variants of rubrene have been prepared to improve prospects for device applications.[4]
Crystal structure
Several polymorphs of rubrene are known. Crystals grown from vapor in vacuum can be monoclinic,[5] triclinic,[6] and orthorhombic motifs.[7] Orthorhombic crystals (space group Bbam) are obtained in a closed system in a two-zone furnace at ambient pressure.[8]
Synthesis
Rubrene is prepared by treating 1,1,3-Triphenyl-2-propyn-1-ol with thionyl chloride.[9]
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The resulting chloroallene undergoes dimerization and dehydrochlorination to give rubrene.[10]
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Redox properties
Rubrene, like other polycyclic aromatic molecules, undergoes redox reactions in solution. It oxidizes and reduces reversibly at 0.95 V and −1.37 V, respectively vs SCE. When the cation and anion are co-generated in an electrochemical cell, they can combine with annihilation of their charges, but producing an excited rubrene molecule that emits at 540 nm. This phenomenon is called electrochemiluminescence.[11]
References
- ↑ Sawatzki-Park, Michael; Wang, Shu-Jen; Kleemann, Hans; Leo, Karl (2023). "Highly Ordered Small Molecule Organic Semiconductor Thin-Films Enabling Complex, High-Performance Multi-Junction Devices". Chemical Reviews 123 (13): 8232–8250. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00844. PMID 37315945.
- ↑ Liu, Si; Wu, Hongnan; Zhang, Xiaotao; Hu, Wenping (2021). "Research progress of rubrene as an excellent multifunctional organic semiconductor". Frontiers of Physics 16. doi:10.1007/s11467-020-0993-1.
- ↑ McGarry, Kathryn A.; Xie, Wei; Sutton, Christopher; Risko, Chad; Wu, Yanfei; Young, Victor G.; Brédas, Jean-Luc; Frisbie, C. Daniel et al. (2013). "Rubrene-Based Single-Crystal Organic Semiconductors: Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Charge-Transport Properties". Chemistry of Materials 25 (11): 2254–2263. doi:10.1021/cm400736s.
- ↑ Xu, Xiaotian; Xu, Jiazhen; Cai, Yuqing; Chowdhury, Nusrat; Zhang, Chi; Cahill, David G.; Chen, Liang; Frisbie, C. Daniel et al. (2025). "Phenyl Side Groups Enhance Phonon Transport in Rubrene Crystals". Journal of the American Chemical Society 147 (46). doi:10.1021/jacs.5c15105. PMID 41197603.
- ↑ Taylor, W. H. (1936). "X-ray measurements on diflavylene, rubrene, and related compounds". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 93 (1–6): 151. doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.93.1.151.
- ↑ Akopyan, S. A.; Avoyan, R. L. and Struchkov, Yu. T. Z. Strukt. Khim. 3, 602 (1962)
- ↑ Henn, D. E.; Williams, W. G. (1971). "Crystallographic data for an orthorhombic form of rubrene". J. Appl. Crystallogr. 4 (3): 256. doi:10.1107/S0021889871006812. Bibcode: 1971JApCr...4..256H.
- ↑ Bulgarovskaya, I.; Vozzhennikov, V.; Aleksandrov, S.; Belsky, V. (1983). Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Fiz. Teh. Zinat. Ser. 4. 53: 115
- ↑ Furniss, B.. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). pp. 840–841.
- ↑ Furniss, B.. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). pp. 844–845.
- ↑ Richter, M. M. (2004). "Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)". Chemical Reviews 104 (6): 3003–36. doi:10.1021/cr020373d. PMID 15186186.
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