Chemistry:Smart material

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Short description: Material that can be externally controlled

Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials,[1] are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.[2][3] Smart materials are the basis of many applications, including sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, particularly as electroactive polymers (EAPs).[4] </ref> [5][page needed][6]{{Pag Schwartz, Mel (2009). Smart materials. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-420 date=July 2020. 

Types

There are a wide array of smart materials, each classified by its functional mechanism. Examples include:

Electromechanical: Responsive to electrical and/or mechanical stimuli.

  • Piezoelectric materials can produce a voltage when mechanical stress is applied. This effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage applied across the material will produce mechanical stress within sample. Therefore structures made from these materials can be designed to bend, expand, or contract when a voltage is applied[7].
  • Electroactive polymers (EAPs) change their volume with applied electrical stimulation[8].
  • Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to 500%) when an external voltage is applied[9].

Magnetic Responsive: Responsive to an exposure to or change of a magnetic field.

  • Magnetostrictive materials exhibit a change in volume when exposed to a magnetic field and when mechanically stressed can produce a magnetic field of its own[10].
  • Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field[11].
  • Ferrofluids are magnetic fluids composed of suspended nanoscale ferromagnetic particles that are affected by magnetic fields[12].
  • Magnetocaloric materials are compounds that undergo a change in temperature upon exposure to a changing magnetic field[13].

Shape Memory: The ability to return to an original shape after deformation. This transformation can be controlled through a change in temperature, magnetic field, electric field, or light[14][15].

  • Shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers are materials in which large deformation can be induced and the original shape recovered through temperature or stress changes (pseudoelasticity)[16][17]. The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced elasticity at higher temperatures. A common example is nitinol.
  • Polycaprolactone (polymorph) can be molded by immersion in hot water.

Chromogenic: A color change in response to electrical, optical, or thermal stimuli.

  • Electrochromic materials, which change their color or opacity with applied voltage (e.g., liquid crystal displays)[18].
  • Thermochromic materials change in color depending on their temperature[19].
  • Photochromic materials change color in response to light (e.g., transition sunglasses that darken when exposed to bright sunlight)[20].
  • Halochromic materials are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change color to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them[21].

Stimuli Responsive: Responsive to environmental stimuli.

Energy Conversion: Can transform stimuli into electrical current.

Optically Driven Mechanical Responsive: A change in mechanical properties in response to optical stimuli.

Self Repairing: The ability to repair mild damage with little to no external intervention.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bengisu, Murat; Ferrara, Marinella (2018). Materials that move: smart materials, intelligent design. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-76888-5. 
  2. ↑ Brizzi, Silvia; Cavozzi, Cristian; Storti, Fabrizio (2023-09-29). "Smart materials for experimental tectonics: Viscous behavior of magnetorheological silicones". Tectonophysics 867. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2023.230038. ISSN 0040-1951. Bibcode: 2023Tectp.86730038B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195123003360. 
  3. ↑ Bahl, Shashi; Nagar, Himanshu; Singh, Inderpreet; Sehgal, Shankar (2020-01-01). "Smart materials types, properties and applications: A review". Materials Today: Proceedings. International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering 28: 1302–1306. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.505. ISSN 2214-7853. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320331278. 
  4. ↑ Intelligent materials. RSC Publishing. 2007. ISBN 978-0-85404-335-4. 
  5. ↑ Naka upramolecular soft matter: applications in materials and organic electronics (2011). John Wi 74-1. 
  6. ↑ Janocha, Hartmut (2007). Adaptronics and smart structure and applications (2nd, revised ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-71967-0. 
  7. ↑ Wu, Yifan; Zou, Junwu; Tang, Kai; Xia, Ying; Wang, Xixi; Song, Lili; Wang, Jinhai; Wang, Kai et al. (2024). "From electricity to vitality: the emerging use of piezoelectric materials in tissue regeneration". Burns & Trauma 12. doi:10.1093/burnst/tkae013. ISSN 2321-3868. PMID 38957661. 
  8. ↑ Catry, C.; Lourdin, D.; Roelens, G.; Nguyen, Giao T. M.; Vidal, Frédéric; Plesse, Cédric; Leroy, E. (2023-06-01). "Electroactive trilayer actuators taking advantage of the ionic conductivity and self-adhesion of ionic liquid plasticized starch". Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 5. doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100295. ISSN 2666-8939. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666893923000166. 
  9. ↑ Feng, Wenwen; Sun, Lin; Jin, Zhekai; Chen, Lili; Liu, Yuncong; Xu, Hao; Wang, Chao (2024-05-18). "A large-strain and ultrahigh energy density dielectric elastomer for fast moving soft robot". Nature Communications 15 (1): 4222. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48243-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 38762507. Bibcode: 2024NatCo..15.4222F. 
  10. ↑ Gao, Chengde; Zeng, Zihao; Peng, Shuping; Shuai, Cijun (2022). "Magnetostrictive alloys: Promising materials for biomedical applications". Bioactive Materials 8: 177–195. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.025. ISSN 2452-199X. PMID 34541395. Bibcode: 2022BioaM...8..177G. 
  11. ↑ Minorowicz, Bartosz; Milecki, Andrzej (2022-06-22). "Design and Control of Magnetic Shape Memory Alloy Actuators". Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 15 (13): 4400. doi:10.3390/ma15134400. ISSN 1996-1944. PMID 35806525. Bibcode: 2022Mate...15.4400M. 
  12. ↑ Kole, Madhusree; Khandekar, Sameer (2021-11-01). "Engineering applications of ferrofluids: A review". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 537. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168222. ISSN 0304-8853. Bibcode: 2021JMMM..53768222K. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304885321004984. 
  13. ↑ Sandeman, Karl G. (2012-09-01). "Magnetocaloric materials: The search for new systems". Scripta Materialia. Viewpoint Set No. 51: Magnetic Materials for Energy 67 (6): 566–571. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.02.045. ISSN 1359-6462. Bibcode: 2012ScrMa..67..566S. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359646212001595. 
  14. ↑ Li, Yuzhan; Rios, Orlando; Keum, Jong K.; Chen, Jihua; Kessler, Michael R. (2016-06-08). "Photoresponsive Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Networks with Shape Memory Behavior and Dynamic Ester Bonds". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8 (24): 15750–15757. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b04374. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 27245744. Bibcode: 2016AAMI....815750L. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b04374. 
  15. ↑ Li, Zequan; Li, Hong; Xie, Ting; Gao, Wei (2024-08-23). "NIR-Responsive, Bionic, Shape Memory Polymers with Dynamically Cross-Linking Network". ACS Applied Polymer Materials 6 (16): 9685–9693. doi:10.1021/acsapm.4c01546. Bibcode: 2024AAPM....6.9685L. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.4c01546. 
  16. ↑ Zhang, Peiqian; Li, Ningxin; Feng, Tengfeng; Luo, Zhengyang; Xiao, Lei; Ma, Xinkai (2025). "Improving the mechanical properties and superelasticity of NiTiFe shape memory alloys through heterogeneous structures". Materials Science and Engineering: A 932. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2025.148284. 
  17. ↑ Zhang, Xiao; Zhu, Chongyu; Xu, Bo; Qin, Lang; Wei, Jia; Yu, Yanlei (2019). "Rapid, Localized, and Athermal Shape Memory Performance Triggered by Photoswitchable Glass Transition Temperature". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11 (49): 46212–46218. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b17271. PMID 31721557. Bibcode: 2019AAMI...1146212Z. https://pubs.acs.org/action/cookieAbsent. Retrieved 2026-04-24. 
  18. ↑ Gu, Chang; Jia, Ai-Bo; Zhang, Yu-Mo; Zhang, Sean Xiao-An (2022). "Emerging Electrochromic Materials and Devices for Future Displays". Chemical Reviews 122 (18): 14679–14721. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01055. PMID 35980039. PMC 9523732. https://pubs.acs.org/action/cookieAbsent. Retrieved 2026-04-24. 
  19. ↑ Sadoh, Airefetalo; Hossain, Samiha; Ravindra, Nuggehalli M. (2021-09-30). "Thermochromic Polymeric Films for Applications in Active Intelligent Packaging-An Overview". Micromachines 12 (10): 1193. doi:10.3390/mi12101193. ISSN 2072-666X. PMID 34683245. 
  20. ↑ Zou, Jindou; Liao, Jimeng; He, Yunfei; Zhang, Tiantian; Xiao, Yuxin; Wang, Hailan; Shen, Mingyao; Yu, Tao et al. (2024). "Recent Development of Photochromic Polymer Systems: Mechanism, Materials, and Applications". Research (Washington, D.C.) 7. doi:10.34133/research.0392. ISSN 2639-5274. PMID 38894714. Bibcode: 2024Resea...7..392Z. 
  21. ↑ Mohr, Gerhard J.; Kassal, Petar; Žuvić, Iva; Krawczyk, Krzysztof K.; Steinberg, Matthew D.; Steinberg, Ivana Murković (2025-06-04). "Design of halochromic cellulosic materials and smart textiles for continuous wearable optical monitoring of epidermal pH". Mikrochimica Acta 192 (7): 405. doi:10.1007/s00604-025-07259-x. ISSN 1436-5073. PMID 40468104. 
  22. ↑ Di Gennaro, Mario; Della Sala, Francesca; Fabozzi, Antonio; Longobardo, Gennaro; Borzacchiello, Assunta (2023). Thermoresponsive Materials: Properties, Design, and Applications. ACS Symposium Series. 1436. pp. 81–100. doi:10.1021/bk-2023-1436.ch004. ISBN 978-0-8412-9725-8. https://pubs.acs.org/action/cookieAbsent. Retrieved 2026-04-24. 
  23. ↑ "Smart hydrogels for advanced drug delivery systems". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 (7): 3665. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms23073665. PMID 35409025. Bibcode: 2022IJMSc..23.3665B. 
  24. ↑ Chemoresponsive Materials /Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals, Schneider, H.-J.; Ed:, (2015)The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/97817828822420
  25. ↑ Schneider, Hans-Jörg, ed. Chemoresponsive materials: smart materials for chemical and biological stimulation. Vol. 40. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022.
  26. ↑ Caminade, Anne-Marie; Hey-Hawkins, Evamarie; Manners, Ian (2016-09-26). "Smart Inorganic Polymers". Chemical Society Reviews 45 (19): 5144–5146. doi:10.1039/c6cs90086k. ISSN 1460-4744. PMID 27711697. https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/fa23f129-4bb2-4ecb-9481-5eebcb199e43. 
  27. ↑ Roundtable, National Research Council (US) Chemical Sciences (2012), "Optoelectronics and Photovoltaics" (in en), The Role of the Chemical Sciences in Finding Alternatives to Critical Resources: A Workshop Summary (National Academies Press (US)), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100026/, retrieved 2026-04-24 
  28. ↑ Baskaran, Pavithra; Rajasekar, Mani (2024-07-05). "Recent trends and future perspectives of thermoelectric materials and their applications". RSC Advances 14 (30): 21706–21744. doi:10.1039/d4ra03625e. ISSN 2046-2069. PMID 38979465. Bibcode: 2024RSCAd..1421706B. 
  29. ↑ "Photomechanical Effect - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/photomechanical-effect. 
  30. ↑ Hu, Zhen; Zhang, Dayu; Lu, Fei; Yuan, Weihao; Xu, Xirong; Zhang, Qian; Liu, Hu; Shao, Qian et al. (2018). "Multistimuli-Responsive Intrinsic Self-Healing Epoxy Resin Constructed by Host–Guest Interactions". Macromolecules 51 (14): 5294–5303. doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01124. Bibcode: 2018MaMol..51.5294H. https://pubs.acs.org/action/cookieAbsent. Retrieved 2026-04-24. 
  31. ↑ Liu, Xiaochun; Huang, Zhiyi; Wu, Jianxin; Wu, Jianyu; Luo, Hongsheng; Sun, Yingjuan; Lin, Xiaofeng; Lin, Wenjing et al. (2024-06-01). "Photothermal-responsive lignin-based polyurethane with mechanically robust, fast self-healing, solid-state plasticity and shape-memory performance". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 271 (Pt 1). doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132499. ISSN 0141-8130. PMID 38777014. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014181302403304X. 
  32. ↑ Gordon, Melissa B.; French, Jonathan M.; Wagner, Norman J.; Kloxin, Christopher J. (2015-12-22). "Dynamic Bonds in Covalently Crosslinked Polymer Networks for Photoactivated Strengthening and Healing". Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 27 (48): 8007–8010. doi:10.1002/adma.201503870. ISSN 1521-4095. PMID 26524195. Bibcode: 2015AdM....27.8007G. 
  33. ↑ Alrefai, Masa; Maric, Milan (2025). "Self-Healing Biobased Thermoreversible Polymer Networks by Photo-Diels-Alder Chemistry" (in en). Journal of Polymer Science 63 (5): 1157–1169. doi:10.1002/pol.20240466. ISSN 2642-4150. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pol.20240466. 



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