Chrome orange

From HandWiki
Short description: Chemical compound and inorganic pigment
Chrome orange
Names
Other names
  • Basic chromium lead oxide
  • Chromium dilead pentaoxide
  • Chromium lead oxide
  • Dilead chromate oxide
  • Lead chromate oxide
  • Lead chromate(VI) oxide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 242-339-9
Properties[1]
CrO5Pb2
Molar mass 546.4 g·mol−1
Appearance red solid
Density 6.63 g/cm3
Melting point 920 °C (1,690 °F; 1,190 K)
insoluble
Solubility soluble in acids, alkalis
Structure[2]
monoclinic
c2/m
a = 14.018 Å, b = 5.683 Å, c = 7.143 Å
α = 90°, β = 115.23°, γ = 90°
514.8 Å3
4 units per cell
Thermochemistry[3]
-1161.3 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS pictograms GHS07: HarmfulGHS08: Health hazardGHS09: Environmental hazard
GHS Signal word Danger
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PP203Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP260Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP264Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP270Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP271Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP273Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP280Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP301+P317Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP304+P340Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP317Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP318Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP319Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP330Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP391Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP405Script error: No such module "Preview warning"., PP501Script error: No such module "Preview warning".
0.0002 mg/m3, 0.0005 mg/m3 (STEL)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 100.0 mg/m3
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Chrome orange is a mixed oxide with the chemical formula Pb2CrO5. It has found use as a pigment.

Properties

Visible light activity up to 550 nanometers has been recorded.[4]

Synthesis

Pb2CrO5 can be made by treating a lead(II) salt with an alkaline solution of a chromate or by treating chrome yellow (PbCrO4) with strongly basic solution.[5]

It can also be synthesized using a gas-liquid precipitation process.[6] Changing the pH controls whether PbCrO4 or Pb2CrO5 is created.[6]

Nanomaterial

Orthorhombic nanocrystals can be selectively synthesized by a room temperature solution reaction.[7]

Using a microwave-assisted ionic liquid (MAIL) method, bundle and rod-like nanocrystals of Pb2CrO5 are formed.[8] In basic solution, single-crystalline Pb2CrO5 could be formed by heating lead acetate and potassium dichromate with microwave radiation for only 10 minutes at 90 °C.[8] The MAIL process is simple, fast, and does not employ surfactants.[8] The presence of hydroxide changes the phase that is formed. Using NaOH, monoclinic Pb2CrO5 is formed.[8] The bundle and rod-shaped structures are sensitive to electron beam irradiation, which will turn them into many small particles.[8]

Pigment

In a catalog published c. 1835, Winsor and Newton paint company identify ten synthetic pathways for producing chrome orange, also called deep yellow.[9] Chrome orange is made of PbCrO4 mixed with basic lead chromate (Pb2CrO5).[9] It has been described as a "yellowish red or sometimes a beautiful deep red" in alkaline conditions.[9] A deep yellow can be created using PbCrO4 and lead sulfate.[9] There are ten synthetic methods for preparing deep chrome yellow (that made with Pb2CrO5), which require a chromate source, a basic lead source, additives, and a sulfate source.[9] Controlling the pH was Winsor and Newton's method for creating pigments from the pale yellow to the deep chrome orange.[9] The resulting product has a high stability to light, which is always coveted by artists and collectors.[9]

Use as a pigment

Chrome orange was used extensively in Frederic Leighton's Flaming June (1895; Museo de Arte de Ponce).[10]
Chrome Orange
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#E73501
SourceColourLex[11]

Chrome orange can range in color from light to deep orange and is no longer in production as a pigment.[12] It has also been known as Derby red, Persian red, and Victoria red.[12] It was first recorded as a pigment in 1809 and was perfect for some impressionist painters in the nineteenth century. The yellow-orange pigment of the boat in Renoir's 1879 painting, The Seine at Asnières (The Skiff) at the National Gallery, London.[12] Chrome orange was used extensively in Frederic Leighton's Flaming June (1895; Museo de Arte de Ponce).[10]

History

The natural mineral crocoite was discovered in 1797 by Louis Vauquelin and chrome orange was synthesized as a pigment for the first time in 1809.[12] Pb2CrO5 is found in mineral form as phoenicochroite, which is a monoclinic, red, translucent mineral found in various places across the world, including Russia, the US, and Chile.[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 PubChem. "Lead chromate oxide" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/29078. 
  2. ↑ Morita, Shinichi; Toda, Kohji (1984-04-01). "Determination of the crystal structure of Pb2CrO5" (in en). Journal of Applied Physics 55 (7): 2733–2737. doi:10.1063/1.333271. ISSN 0021-8979. https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/55/7/2733/168411/Determination-of-the-crystal-structure-of-Pb2CrO5. 
  3. ↑ Sahu, Sulata Kumari; Ganesan, Rajesh; Gnanasekaran, T. (2010-01-01). "Standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation of Pb5CrO8(s), Pb2CrO5(s), and PbCrO4(s)" (in en). The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 42 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2009.06.026. ISSN 0021-9614. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021961409001748. 
  4. ↑ Lee, Heung Chan; Cho, Sung Ki; Park, Hyun S.; Nam, Ki Min; Bard, Allen J. (2017-08-24). "Visible Light Photoelectrochemical Properties of PbCrO 4, Pb 2 CrO 5, and Pb 5 CrO 8" (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121 (33): 17561–17568. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03230. ISSN 1932-7447. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03230. 
  5. ↑ Völz, Hans G. (2006). "Pigments, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2. ISBN 3527306730. .
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gu, LiNa; Meng, GuangYao (2007-09-05). "Synthesis and characterization of two PbO-chromium oxides" (in en). Powder Technology 178 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2007.01.017. ISSN 0032-5910. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591007000198. 
  7. ↑ Ma, Ming-Guo; Zhu, Ying-Jie; Li, Shu-Hong (2009-02-04). "A simple route to the synthesis of BaCrO4 microstructures at room temperature" (in en). Materials Research Bulletin 44 (2): 288–293. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2008.06.003. ISSN 0025-5408. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025540808002067. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Wang, Wei-Wei; Zhu, Ying-Jie (2005-03-01). "Synthesis of PbCrO 4 and Pb 2 CrO 5 Rods via a Microwave-Assisted Ionic Liquid Method" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 5 (2): 505–507. doi:10.1021/cg0497546. ISSN 1528-7483. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cg0497546. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Otero, Vanessa; Pinto, Joana V.; Carlyle, Leslie; Vilarigues, Márcia; Cotte, Marine; João Melo, Maria (2017). "Nineteenth Century Chrome Yellow and Chrome Deep from Winsor & Newton". Studies in Conservation 62 (3): 123–149. doi:10.1080/00393630.2015.1131478. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Color in the Making. London: Black Dog Publishing. 2013. p. 104. ISBN 9781907317958. 
  11. ↑ "Chrome orange – ColourLex". https://colourlex.com/project/chrome-orange/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Pigments through the Ages – Overview – Chrome orange". http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/crorange.html. 
  13. ↑ "Phoenicochroite". https://www.mindat.org/min-3194.html. 

Further reading

  • Kühn, H. and Curran, M., "Chrome Yellow and Other Chromate Pigments", in Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 1, L. Feller, Ed., Cambridge University Press, London 1986, pp. 208–211. [ISBN missing]
  • Chrome Orange at ColourLex



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