Binary integer decimal

The IEEE 754-2008 standard includes decimal floating-point number formats in which the significand and the exponent (and the payloads of NaNs) can be encoded in two ways, referred to as binary encoding and decimal encoding.

Both formats break a number down into a sign bit s, an exponent q (between q_min and q_max), and a p-digit significand c (between 0 and 10^p−1). The value encoded is (−1)^s×10^q×c. In both formats the range of possible values is identical, but they differ in how the significand c is represented. In the decimal encoding, it is encoded as a series of p decimal digits (using the densely packed decimal (DPD) encoding). This makes conversion to decimal form efficient, but requires a specialized decimal ALU to process. In the binary integer decimal (BID) encoding, it is encoded as a binary number.

Format

Using the fact that 2¹⁰ = 1024 is only slightly more than 10³ = 1000, 3n-digit decimal numbers can be efficiently packed into 10n binary bits. However, the IEEE formats have significands of 3n+1 digits, which would generally require 10n+4 binary bits to represent.

This would not be efficient, because only 10 of the 16 possible values of the additional four bits are needed. A more efficient encoding can be designed using the fact that the exponent range is of the form 3×2^k, so the exponent never starts with 11. Using the Decimal32 encoding (with a significand of 3*2+1 decimal digits) as an example (e stands for exponent, m for mantissa, i.e. significand):

• If the significand starts with 0mmm, omitting the leading 0 bit lets the significand fit into 23 bits:

s 00eeeeee   (0)mmm mmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmm
s 01eeeeee   (0)mmm mmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmm
s 10eeeeee   (0)mmm mmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmm

• If the significand starts with 100m, omitting the leading 100 bits lets the significand fit into 21 bits. The exponent is shifted over 2 bits, and a 11 bit pair shows that this form is being used:

s 1100eeeeee (100)m mmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmm
s 1101eeeeee (100)m mmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmm
s 1110eeeeee (100)m mmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmm

• Infinity, quiet NaN and signaling NaN use encodings beginning with s 1111:

s 11110 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
s 111110 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
s 111111 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

The bits shown in parentheses are implicit: they are not included in the 32 bits of the Decimal32 encoding, but are implied by the two bits after the sign bit.

The Decimal64 and Decimal128 encodings have larger exponent and significand fields, but operate in a similar fashion.

For the Decimal128 encoding, 113 bits of significand is actually enough to encode 34 decimal digits, and the second form is never actually required.

Cohort

A decimal floating-point number can be encoded in several ways, the different ways represent different precisions, for example 100.0 is encoded as 1000×10⁻¹, while 100.00 is encoded as 10000×10⁻². The set of possible encodings of the same numerical value is called a cohort in the standard. If the result of a calculation is inexact the largest amount of significant data is preserved by selecting the cohort member with the largest integer that can be stored in the significand along with the required exponent.

Range

The proposed IEEE 754r standard limits the range of numbers to a significand of the form 10ⁿ−1, where n is the number of whole decimal digits that can be stored in the bits available so that decimal rounding is effected correctly.

	32 bit	64 bit	128 bit
Storage bits	32	64	128
Trailing Significand bits	20	50	110
Significand bits	23/24	53/54	113
Significand digits	7	16	34
Combination bits	11	13	17
Exponent bits	8	10	14
Bias	101	398	6176
Standard emax	96	384	6144
Standard emin	−95	−383	−6143

Performance

A binary encoding is inherently less efficient for conversions to or from decimal-encoded data, such as strings (ASCII, Unicode, etc.) and BCD. A binary encoding is therefore best chosen only when the data are binary rather than decimal. IBM has published some unverified performance data.

See also

• IEEE 754

Further reading

• "The Decimal Floating-Point Standard". quadibloc. 2018. http://www.quadibloc.com/comp/cp020302.htm.