Company:Saab Automobile

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Short description: Defunct Swedish car manufacturer (1945-2016)
Saab Automobile AB
TypeDivision
IndustryAutomotive industry
FateBankrupt
SuccessorNEVS
Founded1945 (1945)
FounderSaab AB
Defunct2016
Headquarters
Trollhättan
,
Sweden
Area served
Worldwide
ProductsAutomobiles
ParentSaab AB (1945–1968)
Saab-Scania (1968–1990)
General Motors (1990–2010)
Spyker N.V. (2010–2012)
NEVS (2012–2014)
DivisionsSaab Aero
Websitesaabparts.com

Saab Automobile AB[1][2] (/sɑːb/) was a Automotive industry that was founded in Sweden in 1945 when its parent company, Saab AB, began a project to design a small automobile. The first production model, the Saab 92, was launched in 1949. In 1968 the parent company merged with Scania-Vabis, and ten years later the Saab 900 was launched, in time becoming Saab's best-selling model. In the mid-1980s the new Saab 9000 model also appeared.

In 1989, the automobile division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB. The American manufacturer General Motors (GM) took 50 percent ownership. Two well-known models to come out of this period were the Saab 9-3 and the Saab 9-5. Then in 2000, GM exercised its option to acquire the remaining 50 percent. In 2010 GM sold Saab Automobile AB to the Dutch automobile manufacturer Spyker Cars N.V.[3][4]

Saab 900

After many years establishing a sound engineering reputation and ultimately a luxury price tag, Saab failed to build its customer base beyond its niche following.[5] After struggling to avoid insolvency throughout 2011, the company petitioned for bankruptcy following the failure of a Chinese consortium to complete a purchase of the company; the purchase had been blocked by the former owner GM, which opposed the transfer of technology and production rights to a Chinese company.[6] On 13 June 2012, it was announced that a newly formed company called National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) had bought Saab Automobile's bankrupt estate.[7] According to "Saab United", the first NEVS Saab 9-3 drove off its pre-production line on 19 September 2013.[8] Full production restarted on 2 December 2013,[9] initially the same petrol-powered 9-3 Aero sedans that were built before Saab went bankrupt, and intended to get the car manufacturer's supply chain re-established as it attempted development of a new line of NEVS-Saab products.[10][11] NEVS lost its license to manufacture automobiles under the Saab name (which the namesake aerospace company still owns) in the summer of 2014 and later produced electric cars based on the Saab 9-3 but under its own new car designation "NEVS".[12][13]

History

Ursaab, the prototype for the Saab 92 – Saab's first automobile

Svenska Aeroplan AB (1948–1969)

Saab 96

Saab, "Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget" (Swedish for "Swedish aeroplane corporation"), a Swedish aerospace and defence company, was created in 1937 in Linköping. The company had been established in 1937 for the express purpose of building aircraft for the Swedish Air Force to protect the country's neutrality as Europe moved closer to World War II. As the war drew to a close and the market for fighter planes seemed to weaken, the company began looking for new markets to diversify.

An automobile design project was started in 1945 with the internal name "X9248".[14][15] The design project became formally known as "Project 92"; the 92 being next in production sequence after the Saab 91, a single engine trainer aircraft.[16] In 1948, a company site in Trollhättan was converted to allow automobile assembly and the project moved there, along with the car manufacturing headquarters, which has remained there since. The company made four prototypes named "Ursaab" or "original Saab", numbered 92001 through to 92004, before designing the production model, the Saab 92, in 1949.

The Saab 92 went into production in December 1949.[17] 20,000 cars were sold through the mid-1950s. The 92 was thoroughly redesigned and re-engineered in 1955, and was renamed as the "Saab 93". The car's engine gained a cylinder, going from two to three and its front fascia became the first to sport the first incarnation of Saab's trademark trapezoidal radiator grill. A wagon variant, the Saab 95, was added in 1959. The decade also saw Saab's first performance car, the Saab 94, the first of the Saab Sonetts.

1960 saw the third major revision to the 92's platform as the Saab 96. The 96 was an important model for Saab: it was the first Saab to be widely exported out of Sweden. The unusual vehicle proved very popular, selling nearly 550,000 examples. Unlike American cars of the day, the 93, 95 and 96 all featured the 3-cylinder 2-cycle engine, which required adding oil to the petrol tank, front-wheel drive, and freewheeling, which allowed the driver to downshift the on-the-column manual shifter without using the clutch. Front seat shoulder belts were also an early feature.[citation needed]

Even more important to the company's fortunes was 1968's Saab 99. The 99 was the first all-new Saab in 19 years and a clean break from the 92. The 99 had many innovations and features that would come to define Saabs for decades: wraparound windscreen, self-repairing bumpers, headlamp washers and side-impact door beams. The design by Sixten Sason was no less revolutionary than the underlying technology, and elements like the Saab hockey stick profile graphic continue to influence Saab's design language.[citation needed]

Saab-Scania (1969–1989)

The Saab 99 was launched in 1969 as an all-new design.

In 1969, Saab AB merged with the Swedish commercial vehicle manufacturer Scania-Vabis AB to form Saab-Scania AB, under the Wallenberg family umbrella.

The 99 range was expanded in 1973 with the addition of a combi coupe model, a body style which became synonymous with Saab. The millionth Saab automobile was produced in 1976.

Saab entered into an agreement with Fiat in 1978 to sell a rebadged Lancia Delta as the Saab 600 and jointly develop a new platform. The agreement yielded 1985's Saab 9000, sister to the Alfa Romeo 164, Fiat Croma and Lancia Thema; all rode atop a common Type Four chassis. The 9000 was Saab's first proper luxury car but failed to achieve the planned sales volume.

1978 also was the first year for the 99's replacement: the Saab 900. Nearly one million 900s would be produced, making it Saab's best-selling and most iconic model.[18] A popular convertible version followed in 1986, all of which were made at the Saab-Valmet factory in Finland , making up nearly 20% of 900 sales. Even today, the "classic 900" retains a cult following.

General Motors and Investor AB (1989–2000)

Saab 9-5
Saab 900

In 1989, the Saab car division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB, headquartered in Sweden; General Motors and Investor AB controlled 50% each. GM's investment of US$600 million gave it the option to acquire the remaining shares within a decade. In the fall of 1989 Saab opened a new factory (sv) in Malmö. Located in the old Kockums shipyard, this was a novel kind of factory with extensive worker control and a focus on workers' comfort, an effort to increase productivity and retain skilled workers. With an annual capacity of 60,000 cars (to be increased to 90,000 cars by 1995), the factory began production at a time of shrinking sales and economic contraction and only built 10,176 cars in 1990 (the only full year of production).[19] After a review by GM, the factory changed over to a standard assembly line but was nonetheless shuttered in June 1991.

General Motors' involvement spurred the launch of a new 900 in 1994. The new car shared a platform with the Opel Vectra. Due in large part to its success, Saab earned a profit in 1995 for the first time in seven years. However, the model never achieved the cult following of the "classic 900" and did not achieve the same reputation for quality.

1997 marked Saab's 50th anniversary as a car manufacturer. The company used its jubilee owners' convention to launch a replacement for the aging 9000: the Saab 9-5. The 900 received a facelift and renaming complementary to its new larger sibling: it would now be called the Saab 9-3. The 9-5 was the first Saab without a combi coupé body style option in 20 years. Filling that space was a wagon variant, introduced in 1999.

General Motors (2000–2010)

Saab 9-3 Evo

GM exercised its option to acquire the remaining Saab shares in 2000, spending US$125 million to turn the company into a wholly owned subsidiary.

The new close relationship yielded its first product in 2003's all-new 9–3. The new model, marketed as a sport sedan, dropped Saab's iconic hatchback in favour of a more conventional four-door approach. The model shared a co-developed platform (GM's "global Epsilon 1 platform") and some other components with the Opel Vectra again, but the relationship was much more of a joint engineering effort than before.

Under GM's direction, the badge-engineered Saab 9-2X (based on the Subaru Impreza) and Saab 9-7X (based on the Chevrolet Trailblazer) were introduced in the American market in 2005 with the hope of increasing sales. Both models were a critical and commercial failure and were cancelled a few years after production began. GM also delayed the 9-3 wagon by three years, shelved a hatchback derivative of the 9-3 sedan, stalled plans for all-wheel-drive capabilities in Saab models until 2008, cancelled a 9–5 replacement in 2005, and announced a planned shift of production away from Saab's historic home in Trollhättan to Opel's factory in Rüsselsheim.

Saab 9-3 sport combi

Owing to fading fortunes across its entire business due to a slowing economy in 2007, GM announced that the Saab brand was "under review" in December 2008, a process which included the possibility of selling or shuttering the car maker.[20]

As the talks progressed, GM's support receded, and Saab went into administration, the Swedish equivalent of America's Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Saab's managing director Jan-Åke Jonsson said that this was "the best way to create a truly independent entity that is ready for investment".[21] For its part, the Swedish government was reluctant to become involved, with Maud Olofsson, industry minister, stating: "The Swedish state and taxpayers in Sweden will not own car factories. Sometimes you get the impression that this is a small, small company but it is the world's biggest automaker so we have a right to make demands."[22]

Saab Aero-X

On 16 June 2009, Koenigsegg announced its intention to purchase the brand from GM.[23] The bid was backed by a group of Norwegian investors and the Chinese car maker Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co Ltd (BAIC). The following month, both parties announced that GM had consented to the deal. There were outstanding financial details, but a loan from the European Investment Bank was expected to cover them. The loan was approved in October, but on 24 November 2009, Koenigsegg announced that it had "come to the painful and difficult conclusion that it could no longer carry out the acquisition"[24] much because of the constant delays and the difficulties coordinating the involved parties: GM, the European Investment Bank, the Swedish National Debt Office and BAIC.

Second generation Saab 9-5

It was announced on 14 December 2009, that the Chinese car manufacturer would acquire the intellectual property rights and production equipment for the previous generation Saab 9-3 and Saab 9–5 in a deal worth about US$197 million, which was enough for the company to run for three months.[25][26] BAIC expressed its intention to create a new brand around the purchased technology and admitted to the purchase of "three overall vehicle platforms, two engine technologies and two transmission systems."[27]

Following the collapse of talks with Koenigsegg, GM announced that the brand would be eliminated in 2010 if it failed to secure a buyer before the close of 2009.[28] As talks with several firms failed, including the Netherlands-based boutique sports car maker Spyker, GM formally announced its intention to wind down the Saab brand.[29]

Undeterred, a new offer round materialised. Earlier bidders Spyker and Merbanco revised their offers and were joined by a submission from Luxembourg-based Genii Capital, which boasted the support of F1 chief Bernie Ecclestone.[30] GM continued accepting bids until a self-imposed deadline of 7 January 2010. Acknowledging that the chances of reaching a deal with any party were very slim, they pledged to evaluate each offer with due diligence.[31][32]

Spyker/Swedish Automobile (2010–2011)

Further information: Finance:Saab Automobile bankruptcy

2010 – purchase of Saab

On 26 January, General Motors (GM) confirmed it had agreed to sell Saab to Spyker N.V.[33] subject to regulatory and government approval; the sale was completed on 23 February 2010.[34] General Motors would continue to supply Saab with engines and transmissions, and also completed vehicles in the shape of the new Saab 9-4x from GM's Mexican factory. The deal included a loan from the European Investment Bank, guaranteed by the Swedish government. It comprised US$74m in cash up front, payable to GM by July 2010, and shares in Spyker to the tune of US$320m.

2011 – bankruptcy

On 25 February, Spyker Cars N.V. announced that it had agreed to sell the sports car arm to focus on Saab. Spyker intended to change its name, in May, to include the Saab name.[35]

In early 2011, Saab began to run out of money, and Spyker were not able to cover the losses. Both companies stopped paying bills, and on 30 March several suppliers refused further deliveries to Saab's factory in Trollhättan. Initially Spyker CEO Victor Muller blamed the media for the problems, and claimed that Saab had no problems with funding.[36] On 5 April all production was halted at Saab's plant in Trollhättan.

Spyker CEO Victor Muller tried to obtain funding from several different sources. On 30 March his former sponsor, Russian banker Vladimir Antonov, applied to Swedish authorities, the EIB and General Motors for permission to become a shareholder in Saab. His request was denied by the EIB, citing concerns about his business practices.

On 3 May, a joint venture between Saab and Chinese carmaker Hawtai was announced. This deal quickly unraveled and on 12 May Hawtai walked away from Saab.[37]

Plans for a new joint venture with Chinese carmaker Youngman and Chinese automotive retailer Pang Da followed shortly. After months of negotiations the companies agreed to a joint US$140 million takeover of Saab Automobile and its UK dealer network unit from Swedish Automobile, with Youngman and Pang Da taking 60 and 40 percent stakes respectively.[38][39][40]

On 6 December, GM announced that it would not continue its licenses to GM patents and technology to Saab if the company was sold to Pang Da and Zhejiang Youngman, stating that the new owner's use of the technology is not in the best interest of GM investors. Because of this, Saab started working on a new proposal which would not change the original ownership structure and would not include a Chinese partner as an owner of the company, but instead as a 50% owner of a new daughter company.

On 19 December 2011, with no alternatives left after GM continued to block any form of involvement with a Chinese partner, Saab officially filed for bankruptcy after a three-year fight for survival. Under Sweden's bankruptcy laws, a party that files for bankruptcy can be bought out of bankruptcy.

On 16 April 2012, a meeting on Saab's bankruptcy was held at the District Court of Vänersborg.[41] The official receivers in charge of the Saab liquidation valued the assets at US$500m and the debt at US$2,000m. After subtracting the value of the assets, Saab leaves a debt of US$1,500m.[42]

2012 – US$3 billion damages claim

On 6 August 2012, Spyker, represented by the law firm Patton Boggs, filed a lawsuit against General Motors in the United States District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan claiming US$3 billion in damages for the actions GM took in the fall of 2011 to stop the various proposed deals between Spyker and Youngman concerning Saab Automobile where Youngman claimed to be ready to invest several billion dollars in Saab Automobile to guarantee its future. More precisely, under the Automotive Technology License Agreement (ATLA) between GM Global Technology Operations Inc (GTO) and Saab, GM refused licensing of the platforms and technology in Saab cars if any Chinese party were to be involved in Saab's ownership structure.

To solve this issue, Spyker and Youngman came up with a deal where Youngman would provide Saab with a loan of €200 million which would be converted into an equity interest in Saab only after Saab ceased using GM technology in its vehicles. Despite this, GM maintained that it would still refuse licensing of platforms and technology needed for production of Saab cars in Trollhättan and also threatened to cease 9-4X production at GM's plant in Mexico, should the deal go through.

Consequently, the deal finally collapsed and Saab was forced to file for bankruptcy. According to Spyker, the actions taken by GM were not legal. Since Saab had been in receivership since the bankruptcy, and would be until the deal with Nevs was closed, Spyker and the receivers of Saab Automobile had entered into an agreement where Spyker would bear the costs of the litigation in exchange for 90% of the claim if the case is successful.[43][44][45][46]

2013 – claim dismissed

In June 2013, the district court dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that General Motors was within its rights to block the sale.[47] In October 2014, the circuit court of appeals upheld the dismissal.[48]

National Electric Vehicle Sweden (2012–2014)

Saab 9-3 Aero Sedan MY14 in silver colour

On 13 June 2012, a press conference was held announcing that the main assets of Saab Automobile AB and its subsidiaries Saab Automobile Powertrain AB and Saab Automobile Tools AB as well as the Saab factory had been acquired by a Chinese consortium called National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS).[49] Saab Automobile Parts AB was excluded in the deal and the Swedish National Debt Office would continue as an owner of that company.[50] NEVS' plan was to build only purely electric vehicles with an electric version of the current 9-3 model available in 2013/2014, as well as to continue development of the replacement to the 9–3, the PhoeniX. GM continued to refuse licensing of the technology in the Saab 9-5 and 9-4X, so these models would not be produced. The rights to use the Saab trademark had not yet been granted by Saab AB and Scania AB and negotiations on that matter continued.[51][52]

On 26 August 2012, Scania AB let the Swedish press know that the griffin logo used in both Scania's and Saab Automobile's trademark would not be allowed for use on future Saab cars with NEVS as the owner of Saab Automobile. Scania believed the logo is of high value in China and feared that it would end up in the wrong hands through the Chinese interests behind NEVS.[53]

On 3 September 2012, NEVS announced that it had finalised the acquisition of Saab Automobiles assets. NEVS would be able to use the name Saab on future cars but not the griffin logo. Production of the 9-3 would initially focus on a turbo-charged petrol variant, but an electric version – initially aimed at the Chinese market – would start production in 2014.[54]

On 8 January 2013, NEVS announced a deal with Qingdao Qingbo Investment Co. Ltd, for a 22% stake in the company. In return, NEVS/Saab would receive SEK 2bn, along with a production facility for models sold in China. Cars sold in North America and most of Europe would continue to be made in Trollhättan, Sweden. The possibility of using Fiat/Chrysler sourced drive train components for non- electric models was also being examined.[55][56]

On 12 August 2013, the Saab plant at Trollhättan reopened its doors to welcome back employees for preparations and restructuring of the production line. Production of the existing 9–3 would commence shortly with a new electric motor, while Saab finished the preparations for the new 9-3 Phoenix.

On 19 September 2013, the first Saab-branded vehicle produced by NEVS rolled off of the assembly line. The first pre-production model was mostly aesthetically identical to the previous Saab 9-3 and mainly used to test new components and assembly line equipment. NEVS announced a facelift of the exterior to be shown on a finalised production model. On 29 November 2013 NEVS announced that full-scale production would commence on 2 December 2013, having replaced the 20 percent of parts originally sourced from former Saab owner General Motors.[57]

Production of the petrol version of the Saab 9-3 resumed in December 2013,[58] and on 10 December 2013 NEVS started selling their Saab 9-3 Aero to Swedish customers directly from their homepage,[59] but on 20 May 2014 NEVS announced that production had been stopped, 100 consultants had had to be laid off and 53 blue-collar and 19 white-collar workers had been given notice that their contracts would not be prolonged after the summer. According to NEVS, this was due to Qingdao Qingbo Investment Co Ltd not fulfilling their commitment to finance NEVS operations which had forced NEVS main owner Kai Johan Jiang to fund operations for several months through private funds as well as through assets in NEVS parent company National Modern Energy Holdings Ltd.[60][61][62][63]

On 27 May 2014, NEVS communication officer Mikael Östlund confirmed through a video interview that NEVS was in talks with two large automobile companies regarding funding of operations and co-development of the Phoenix platform.[64]

On 9 June 2014, Swedish media reported that a number of companies had filed debts from NEVS at the National Enforcement Agency in Sweden for a total sum of 10.4 million SEK.[65]

On 28 August 2014, NEVS itself filed for bankruptcy protection.[66]

On 29 August 2014, Saab AB announced it was cancelling the licensing agreement that allows NEVS to use the Saab name. NEVS' financial problems were cited as the reason.[67] A spokesman for NEVS said that the company expects to renegotiate the agreement after a solution to the company's financial problems is reached.

By June 2015, NEVS had acquired two new Chinese partners, an IT company and a development authority for the city of Tianjin. Both state-owned. In late June, NEVS began construction of a factory in Tianjin, with the goal of manufacturing electric cars for the Chinese market. As of this point, NEVS has not re-acquired the rights to the Saab name, and it is developing a new brand for the Chinese market. There was no indication that restarting production at the plant in Trollhättan, Sweden was planned.[68]

On 21 June 2016, NEVS announced they will no longer use the Saab trademark, instead using their company name on its car, which will still be based on the Saab 9-3 platform.[69] The first NEVS car went into production in 2017.[70]

NEVS was closed in March 2023, with the company going into "Hibernation Mode" to avoid bankruptcy. This essentially liquidated the company.[71]

Production

Saab's main production facilities in Trollhättan

Saab's total world production in 2008 was 89,143 Saab vehicles produced in five countries (Sweden, Austria, United States, Mexico and Germany).[72] Production declined sharply in 2009, as new owners struggled to deal with the company's mounting financial problems. Production was suspended until late 2013, when the new ownership launched a limited run of 2014 model year 9-3 sedans.

Production volumes [73]
Year Volume
2014 380 (NEVS)
2013 71 (NEVS)
2012 0
2011 127,738
2010 32,183
2009 20,821
2008[74] 90,281 (including 1,195 Cadillac BLS produced in Trollhättan)
2007 125,397 (including 2,772 Cadillac BLS produced in Trollhättan)
2006 135,365 (including 3,266 Cadillac BLS produced in Trollhättan)
2005 127,593 (including 123 Cadillac BLS produced in Trollhättan)
2004 128,827
2003 130,034
2002 124,892
2001 123,755
2000 133,013
1999 127,850
1998 124,868
1997 105,114
1996 95,761
1995 97,307
1994 94,084
1993 70,961
1992 84,569
1991 80,366
1990 87,356
1989 103,591
1988 120,562
1987 134,112
1986 126,401
1985 111,813
1984 102,018
1983 96,012
1982 83,557
1981 66,392
1980 65,754
1979 83,758
1978 72,516
1977 76,498
1976 95,927
1975 90,793
1974 92,554
1973 89,467
1972 83,997
1971 72,960
1970 73,982
1969 61,711
1968 52,551
1967 45,325
1966 37,069
1965 48,517
1964 43,493
1963 40,374
1962 35,890
1961 33,040
1960 26,066
1959 17,836
1958 13,968
1957 9,852
1956 6,321
1955 5,620
1954 5,138
1953 3,424
1952 2,298
1951 2,179
1950 1,246
1949 20
1948 1
1947 2
1946 1

Saab manufactured various models at the Valmet Automotive plant in Uusikaupunki, Finland, between 1969 and 2003, in a joint venture established in 1968 together with Valmet. After 2003 Saab did not manufacture any cars in Finland, as the production of the 9-3 convertible then moved to Graz, Austria. In 2010 production of the 9-3 convertible was moved again to Trollhättan. This marked the first time that Trollhättan manufactured the 9-3 convertible.

Models

A common feature of Saab car types was the use of the number 9 in the model numbers. The final models were the 9-3 and 9-5, both of which were manufactured in Trollhättan, Sweden. Until 2008, the 9-7X was manufactured by GM along with the Chevrolet Trailblazer and its platform-mates. The exception to this naming rule is the Saab-Lancia 600, which was a re-badged Lancia Delta.

In December 2013, Nevs announced that the Saab 9-3 sedan was back in regular production, with convertible, station wagon, and electric models to follow in the next year. Production stopped in 2014.[75]

Cancelled models

Historical models

1956 Saab Sonett I
1975 Saab 96
1995 Saab 900SE NG convertible

Concepts and prototypes

Innovations

  • 1958: The GT 750 is the first Saab car fitted with seatbelts as standard.[78]
  • 1963: Saab becomes the first volume maker to offer diagonally split dual brake circuits.
  • 1969: Saab creates an ignition system near the gearstick[citation needed] – instead of behind the steering wheel like most cars – in an attempt to reduce the very common serious and permanent knee injuries during collisions, caused by the knee impacting the key.
  • 1970: Saab introduces a world-first – headlamp wipers and washers.
  • 1971: Heated front seats are introduced, the first time in the world they are fitted as standard.
  • 1971: Saab develops the impact-absorbing, self-repairing bumper[citation needed].
  • 1976: Saab was the first manufacturer to produce a turbo engine with wastegate to control boost.
  • 1978: Saab introduces another 'world-first,' the passenger compartment air filter (pollen filter).
  • 1980: Saab introduces Automatic Performance Control (APC), and an anti-knock sensor that allowed higher fuel economy and the use of lower grade fuel without engine damage.
  • 1981: Saab introduces the split-field side mirror. This reduces the driver's blind spot.
  • 1982: Saab introduces asbestos-free brake pads.
  • 1983: Saab introduces the 16-valve turbocharged engine
  • 1985: Saab pioneers direct ignition, eliminating the distributor and spark plug wires.
  • 1991: Saab introduces a 'light-pressure' turbo.
  • 1991: Saab is the first manufacturer to offer CFC-free air-conditioning.
  • 1991: Saab develops its 'Trionic' engine management system, equipped with a 32-bit micro-processor.
  • 1993: Saab introduces the 'Sensonic clutch' and the 'Black Panel', later to be called the 'Night Panel'.
  • 1993: Saab develops the 'Safeseat' rear passenger protection system.
  • 1994: Saab introduces the 'Trionic T5.5' engine management system, its processor is a Motorola 68332.
  • 1995: Saab presents an asymmetrically turbocharged V6 at the Motor Show in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
  • 1996: Saab introduces active head restraints (SAHR), which help minimise the risk of whiplash.
  • 1997: Saab introduces Electronic Brake-force Distribution
  • 1997: Saab fits ventilated front seats to their new 9-5.
  • 1997: Saab introduces ComSense; an alert delay feature that reduces the risk of distraction by briefly postponing lower priority alerts when the brakes or indicators are activated
  • 2000: Saab introduces SVC; a Variable Compression, an engine in which the compression ratio is varied by tilting the cylinder head in relation to the pistons.
  • 2002: Saab developed an independent, multi-link, rear suspension system on the new Saab 9-3 known as "ReAxs", a system which provides crisp steering feedback and contributes to enhanced driving stability in curves
  • 2002: Saab unveils the second-generation Saab Active Head-Restraint system, known as SAHR2, in the new Saab 9-3 sedan
  • 2003: Saab introduces CargoSET; automatic storage well retraction for the convertible, a two-step tonneau action for quicker soft-top deployment
  • 2008: Saab introduces Cross-wheel drive, an advanced all-wheel drive system with eLSD. Saab brands this systems as "XWD"

Safety

Safety has a high priority in the design of Saab cars. The cars are subjected to the Älgtest (elk test) as elk are a common cause of accidents in Sweden. Saab have compiled a database containing over 6,100 real-life accidents with Saabs. The first recorded event was in 1948 where Julian Shermis had an accident.[79]

Endurance records

In October 1986, the Saab Long Run took place. Three standard Saab 9000 Turbos set two world records and 21 international records at the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama, United States. 100,000 km (62,000 mi) were covered with an average speed of 213.299 km/h (132.537 mph) and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) with an average speed of 213.686 km/h (132.778 mph).

Ten years later, in 1996, three standard Saab 900 (NG) Turbos driven by factory test drivers and two standard naturally aspirated Saab 900s driven by journalists set new world records on the same speedway.

In early December 2006, a Wisconsin traveling salesman donated his 1989 Saab 900 SPG (Special Performance Group) to the Wisconsin Automotive Museum after amassing 1,001,385 miles (1,611,573 km) on the original factory engine. This mileage was verified by Saab.[80]

Marketing and ownership

Saab Performance Team at Linköping, in 1997 (Saab 91 Safirs in background)

Dating back to 1937, Svenska Aeroplan AB (Saab) created airplanes, introducing its first car, the Saab 92001, in 1947. Currently, Saab AB is separate from Saab Automobile and is best known for its old Saab 37 Viggen fighter aircraft (the Viggen badge would be shared by a 9-3) and its successor, the current export success low cost JAS 39 Gripen swing-role fighter. This has led to an ad campaign, "Born From Jets", evoking the days when Saab produced both aircraft and automobiles. Saab is imported into many countries; each has a president of the subsidiary or importer. In the US, the first president was Mr. R. Millet.

In 1983, British commercial director Tony Scott made an advertisement for the company where a Saab 900 Turbo is shown racing a Saab 37 Viggen fighter jet.[81] In 1987, Saab created a TV advertisement called "Saab suite" (subtitled Ballet in 3 acts for 8 Saab 9000 Turbos). In the film, stunt drivers show incredible driving with stock cars, such as one-wheeled burnouts, bumper-to-bumper driving through a slalom, cars slaloming from opposite directions on the same course, two-wheel driving, sliding in full speed, and jumping over passing cars—all on a closed airport runway with classical music playing in the background.[82]

To commemorate its 40th anniversary, Saab formed a Performance Team in 1987, which laid on exhibitions of automobile acrobatics and formation driving. Initially this was done with Saab 9000s, as above, then later models, such as the Saab 900 (NG) were used. All of the team's members have previously competed in rallies, but what's unusual is that all five Performance Team members held regular jobs at Saab: there are two engineers, a quality controller, a technician and the head of Saab's photo studio. The picture shows these vehicles on display at the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the Saab Aircraft Company, at Linköping, in 1997.

A Hewlett-Packard CPU-support chip features a Saab 900 Turbo 16 Cabriolet etched into its structure.[83]

Ownership and brand loyalty

As the brand has an unusual image in most markets, Saab owners tend to be correspondingly offbeat: intellectuals and enthusiasts.[84][85] In his studies of brand communities, Albert Muniz, professor of marketing at DePaul University in Chicago, found significant characteristics of Saab owners which he called Snaabery.[86] These included ownership of an original, pre-GM Saab; camaraderie with other Saab drivers and contempt for other brands such as BMW. Writer John Crace characterised the typical "Snaab" as a creative advertising executive with large spectacles and an asymmetric hairstyle.[87] Rüdiger Hossiep, a psychologist at Ruhr University Bochum, found that Saab drivers have the highest level of psychological involvement with their cars, being over 10 times more passionate than the average Volkswagen driver.[86] Saab's main three markets were Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.[87]

Slogans

  • The Swedish Car with Aircraft Quality (first English slogan)[88]
  • Go Swift – Go Safe – Go Saab (advertisement page – 1970s FIA Year Book)[89]
  • The most intelligent cars ever built. (1980s)[90]
  • Find your own road. (1990s)[88]
  • A Saab will surrender its own life to save yours. (1990s)[88]
  • Welcome to the State of Independence (early 2000s decade; United States)[88]
  • Born From Jets. (2003–2009; United States, Canada)[88]
  • Move Your Mind. (final global slogan)[citation needed]
  • People Who Test Drive a Saab, Usually Buy One[88]
  • It's A Pity Other Cars Aren't Built This Way[88]
  • We don't make compromises. We make Saabs.[88]
  • Saab. It's what a car should be.[88]
  • Beyond the conventional (1990s United Kingdom).[88]
  • The Command Performance Car.[88]
  • The Well-Built Swede[91]

In motorsport

Saab competed in the Trans Am Series in 1966, entering a 96 and a 850. Saab also entered its 9-3 in the Castrol Canadian Touring Car Championship.

Saab had a factory rally team with successful drivers, Erik "On-the-Roof" Carlsson, Tom Trana, Simo Lampinen, Stig Blomqvist and Per Eklund. The team stopped competing in 1980. In 2012 a new Saab rally team took part in the classic historic Midnattssolsrallyt (Rally to the Midnight Sun). The S2AB Historic Rally team entered four Saab 99 Turbos, driven by ex-champions Ola Strömberg, Erik Uppsäll, Travis Decker and Jörgen Trued. S2AB (Swedish Advanced Automotive Business) is the company led by Magnus Roland, former chassis manager at Saab.

See also

  • Barber Saab Pro Series
  • Saab Car Museum
  • Saab hockey stick
  • Saab Turbo Mobil Challenge
  • Saab XWD
  • Talbot Horizon – replaced the Saab 96 on the Valmet line and used many of the same parts, especially in the interior
  • Trionic 8

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "History and Background: Timeline, Video". Saab Group. 1 January 1980. http://www.saabusa.com/saabjsp/about/heritage.jsp. 
  2. ↑ "The History of Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget or Saab". Saab history. http://www.saabhistory.com/1969/01/01/the-history-of-svenska-aeroplan-aktiebolaget-or-saab/. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  3. ↑ Durrenberger, E. Paul (15 August 2017) (in en). Uncertain Times: Anthropological Approaches to Labor in a Neoliberal World. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-60732-631-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=zqMvDwAAQBAJ&q=General+Motors+acquires+Saab&pg=PT54. Retrieved 28 October 2020. 
  4. ↑ "Spyker Cars finalises the purchase of Saab" (PDF) (Press release). Spyker. 23 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  5. ↑ "The People Who Will Miss Saab the Most; With the bankruptcy and impending doom facing Saab, we mourn with the certain, loyal fans that will miss the Swedish auto-maker.". The Atlantic. 19 December 2011. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/12/people-who-will-miss-saab-most/334092/. 
  6. ↑ "Saab Automobile Files for Bankruptcy" (Press release). Saab Automobile. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011..
  7. ↑ Zachariasson, Helena (13 June 2012). "Saab har fatt en kopare" (in sv). SVT (SE). http://svt.se/nyheter/ekonomi/saab-har-fatt-en-kopare. 
  8. ↑ "First Nevs Saab Rolls off Pre-Production Line" (Youtube). Saab Group. 19 September 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCd_VsK9MvY. 
  9. ↑ Lönnroth, Valdemar (28 November 2014), "Lööf på plats nar Nevs drar igang produktion" (in sv), Ttela (SE), http://ttela.se/ekonomi/saab/1.2576903-loof-pa-plats-nar-nevs-drar-igang-produktion [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}].
  10. ↑ Gastelu, Gary (2 December 2013). "Saab restarts production". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/leisure/2013/12/02/saab-restarts-production/. 
  11. ↑ Stoll, John D. (2 December 2013). "Saab Automobile Is Poised to Resume Production". Gasgoo Automotive News. http://autonews.gasgoo.com/global-news/saab-automobile-is-poised-to-resume-production-131202.shtml. 
  12. ↑ Saab carmaker NEVS granted creditor protection by court but loses right to use Saab name; Automotive News Europe, 29 August 2014, at europe.autonews.com Accessed 8 November 2017
  13. ↑ "nevs.com: NEVS launches its new trademark". Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160914013144/https://www.nevs.com/en/media/press-releases/nevs-launches-its-new-trademark-and-sets-off-to-shape-the-future-of-mobility/. 
  14. ↑ Bayley, Stephen (February 2012). Cars: Freedom, Style, Sex, Power, Motion, Colour, Everything. UK: Hachette. ISBN 9781840916065. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce_4UTP97ZIC&pg=PT84. Retrieved 20 April 2012. 
  15. ↑ Donnelly, Jim (December 2008). "Sixten Sason". Hemmings Motor News. http://www.hemmings.com/hsx/stories/2008/12/01/hmn_feature19.html. 
  16. ↑ "Ursaab". The Saab Museum. 2012. http://saabmuseum.com/en/saab-model/ursaab/. 
  17. ↑ Chapman, Giles (May 2009). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Automobiles. Dorling Kindersley. p. 118. ISBN 9781405336956. https://books.google.com/books?id=pI_r3ULwTkMC&pg=PA118. Retrieved 3 May 2012. 
  18. ↑ Koueiter, Michelle (13 May 2011). "Iconic Saab 900 convertible turns 25". Autoweek. http://www.autoweek.com/article/20110513/CARNEWS/110519910. 
  19. ↑ Johansson, Claes, ed (1991-03-07). "Drömfabriken blev mardröm" (in sv). Teknikens Värld (Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB) 43 (5): 18. 
  20. ↑ Brogan, Matt (9 January 2009). "GM struggles to sell SAAB". https://www.caradvice.com.au/20431/gm-struggles-to-sell-saab/. 
  21. ↑ "Saab aims to survive without GM". BBC News (London: BBC). 20 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7901027.stm. 
  22. ↑ Pagnamenta, Robin (18 February 2009). "Saab may go bust in 10 days, warns GM". The Times (Online) (London). http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/article5757562.ece. 
  23. ↑ "GM agrees Saab sale to Koenigsegg". BBC News (London: BBC). 16 June 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102432.stm. 
  24. ↑ Johansson, Kent. "Saabaffären avbryts" (in sv). Dagens Nyheter. http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/forsaljningen-av-saab-avbryts-1.1001491. 
  25. ↑ Schwartz, Nelson D. (14 December 2009). "Chinese Company Seeks to Make Old Saab Models". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/business/global/14saab.html?_r=2&adxnnl=1&fta=y&adxnnlx=1264683735-klBHZSxkj3IFz79enPtTRQ. 
  26. ↑ "BAIC paid $197 mln for Saab assets – paper". Reuters. 14 December 2009. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE5BD2E920091214. 
  27. ↑ "UPDATE 3-BAIC in overdrive to develop brand with Saab tech". Reuters. 10 December 2009. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTOE5BM00Z20091223?type=marketsNews. 
  28. ↑ Reed, John; Ward, Andrew (3 December 2009). "Dutch sports car maker in Saab talks". http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ef4cd388-df2f-11de-be8e-00144feab49a.html. 
  29. ↑ "GM to 'wind down' Saab business". BBC News. 18 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8421007.stm. 
  30. ↑ "Bernie Ecclestone joins bid to buy Saab". BBC News (London: BBC). 8 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8447365.stm. 
  31. ↑ McVeigh, Paul (19 December 2009). "Spyker makes a new offer for Saab; General Motors will evaluate". Autoweek. http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/spyker-makes-new-offer-saab-general-motors-will-evaluate. 
  32. ↑ "Saab wind-up begins, GM still reviewing bids". Reuters. 8 January 2010. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSAT00829120100108. 
  33. ↑ "Saab sale – full details". Autocar (UK). 26 January 2010. http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/246896/. 
  34. ↑ "Spyker Cars finalizes the purchase of Saab". Saabs United (Press release). 24 February 2010. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  35. ↑ Kinnander, Ola (24 February 2011). "Spyker to Sell Sports-Car Unit to Vladimir Antonov to Focus on Saab Brand". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-24/spyker-agrees-to-sell-sports-car-unit-to-vladimir-antonov-to-reduce-debt.html. 
  36. ↑ Petersen, Leif (4 April 2011). "Muller: 'Saab lever i ett glashus'" (in sv). SvD Näringsliv. http://www.svd.se/naringsliv/saab-nacka_6063513.svd. 
  37. ↑ Neurath, Carolina (12 May 2011). "Saab-avtal med Hawtai skrotas" (in sv). SvD Näringsliv. http://www.svd.se/naringsliv/saab-avtal-skrotas_6158719.svd. 
  38. ↑ Jolly, David (28 October 2011). "Saab Sputters On, Saved by 2 Chinese Automakers". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/29/business/global/chinese-carmakers-to-buy-saab-pulling-it-back-from-the-brink.html. 
  39. ↑ "Sweden's Saab heads for Chinese owners after rescue bid". Reuters. 28 October 2011. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saab-idUSTRE79R1MZ20111028. 
  40. ↑ "Saab chief Victor Muller reflects on sale of car maker". News (BBC). 28 October 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15490773. 
  41. ↑ "Saab bankruptcy site". Konkursboet. December 2011. http://en.konkursboet.se/. 
  42. ↑ Zander, Christina (April 2012). "Saab Auto Left $2 Billion in Debts". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303772904577335704135209644. 
  43. ↑ "Complaint: Saab Automobile AB & Spyker N.V. v. General Motors Company". Patton Boggs LLP. 6 August 2012. http://hugin.info/. 
  44. ↑ "Spykercars". Spyker N.V.. 2015. http://www.spykercars.nl/?pag=50&jaar=&nid=692. 
  45. ↑ "GM sued by Saab's parent company for blocking reorganization". Autonews. 6 August 2012. http://www.autonews.com/article/20120806/OEM/120809929/gm-sued-by-saabs-parent-company-for-blocking-reorganization?CSAuthResp=1%3A1873565060264294%3A423310%3A17%3A24%3Aapproved%3AAB97FAD06FC4A626A16CB8457CEB1B5F&=. 
  46. ↑ Lönnroth, Valdemar. "Spyker stämmer GM på 20 miljarder kronor" (in sv). TTELA. http://ttela.se/ekonomi/saab/1.1723212-spyker-stammer-gm-pa-20-miljarder-kronor. 
  47. ↑ "Saab parent's $3 billion lawsuit versus GM thrown out by U.S. judge". Autonews. 10 June 2013. http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130610/OEM/130619985/saab-parents-3-billion-lawsuit-versus-gm-thrown-out-by-u-s-judge#axzz2VvNFiUSV. 
  48. ↑ "U.S. appeals court rules for GM over Spyker's Saab sale". The Economic Times. 25 October 2014. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/u-s-appeals-court-rules-for-gm-over-spykers-saab-sale/articleshow/44931042.cms. 
  49. ↑ "Pressmeddelande: National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB förvärvar huvuddelen av tillgångarna i Saab Automobile" (in sv). Konkursboet. 13 June 2012. http://www.konkursboet.se/file/120613-national-electric-vehicle-sweden-ab-forvarvar-huvuddelen.pdf. 
  50. ↑ "Parts AB continues as an independent company". Saab.com. 13 June 2012. http://www.saab.com/sv-se/sweden/the-company/news/latest-news/news-column/2012-06/parts-ab-continues-as-an-independent-company/. 
  51. ↑ "Köpet av Saab klart" (in sv). Dagens Nyheter. 13 June 2012. http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/kopet-av-saab-klart/. 
  52. ↑ "Förhandlingar om varumärket – Saab" (in sv). TTELA. 14 June 2012. http://ttela.se/ekonomi/saab/1.1663891-forhandlingar-om-varumarket. 
  53. ↑ Alestig, Peter (16 August 2012). "Ingen Gripen-symbol för Saabs nya ägare" (in sv). SvD Näringsliv. http://www.svd.se/naringsliv/branscher/industri-och-fordon/scania-stoppar-varumarkesanvandning_7426266.svd. 
  54. ↑ "National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB has finalized acquisition of the Saab Automobile bankruptcy estates". National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB. 3 September 2012. http://www.saabcars.com/en/news/news-column/2012/nevs-ab-has-finalized-acquisition-of-the-saab-automobile-bankruptcy-estates/. 
  55. ↑ "Qingdao to become NEVS' strategic gateway to China for Saab cars". National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB. 8 January 2013. http://www.saabcars.com/en/news/news-column/2013-01/qingdao-to-become-nevs-strategic-gateway-to-china-for-saab-cars/. 
  56. ↑ ""The base is Trollhättan" – Karl-Erling Trogen on P4 Väst". Saabsunited.com. 8 January 2013. http://www.saabsunited.com/2013/01/the-base-is-trollhattan-karl-erling-trogen-on-p4-vast.html. 
  57. ↑ "Saab will resume series production of the 9-3 sedan on Monday". Automotive News Europe. 29 November 2013. http://europe.autonews.com/article/20131129/ANE/131129860/saab-to-restart-9-3-production-monday?cciid=email-ane-daily&r=5991B8337578H2Y#axzz2m2wXDllK. 
  58. ↑ Morran, Chris (3 December 2013). "Saab Rises From The Dead… Sort Of". consumerist.com. http://consumerist.com/2013/12/03/saab-rises-from-the-dead-sort-of/. 
  59. ↑ Rabe, Mattias (11 December 2013). "15 nya Saab 9-3 beställdes första dagen" (in sv). Teknikens Värld. http://www.teknikensvarld.se/2013/12/11/44964/15-nya-saab-9-3-bestalldes-forsta-dagen/. 
  60. ↑ "Statusuppdatering från Nevs" (in sv). National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB. 30 May 2013. http://www.saabcars.com/sv/news/F29115F4FC10E67A. 
  61. ↑ "Situation analysis regarding NEVS financial difficulties". Saabsunited. 21 May 2014. http://www.saabsunited.com/2014/05/situation-analysis.html. 
  62. ↑ "Reduction of workers at Saab Cars in Trollhättan". Saabsunited. 27 May 2014. http://www.saabsunited.com/2014/05/reduction-of-workers-at-saab-cars-in-trollhattan.html. 
  63. ↑ Jensen, Victor (29 May 2014). "Nevs förhandlingar går framåt" (in sv). Sveriges Radio. http://sverigesradio.se/sida/gruppsida.aspx?programid=125&grupp=12994&artikel=5876108. 
  64. ↑ "Interview with Mikael Östlund". YouTube. 27 May 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds5_pisqYaw. Template:Dead YouTube link
  65. ↑ Carling, Maria (9 June 2014). "NEVS klarar inte betalningar till underleverantörer" (in sv). Svenska Dagbladet. http://www.svd.se/naringsliv/nevs-klarar-inte-betalningar-till-underleverantorer_3642432.svd. 
  66. ↑ Zander, Christina (2014). "Saab Auto's Chinese-Backed Owner Goes Bust". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/saab-autos-chinese-backed-owner-goes-bust-1409212885?tesla=y&mg=reno64-wsj&url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203937904580119102887304246. 
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  70. ↑ Lambert, Frederic (11 April 2018). "Didi reportedly pulls out of massive electric car order with NEVS" (in en-US). Electrek. https://electrek.co/2018/04/11/didi-massive-electric-car-nevs/. 
  71. ↑ Gauthier, Michael (12 March 2023). "Saab’s Ghost Comes Back To Haunt Once Again As NEVS Goes Into "Hibernation Mode"". https://www.carscoops.com/2023/03/saabs-ghost-comes-back-to-haunt-once-again-as-nevs-goes-into-hibernation-mode/. 
  72. ↑ Elg, Per-Börje (2022) (in Swedish). Saab – alla bilarna 1947–2012. Trollhättan: www.saabcarmuseum.com. pp. 143. ISBN 978-91-527-1620-5. 
  73. ↑ Elg, Per-Börje (2022) (in Swedish). Saab – alla bilarna 1947–2012. Trollhättan: www.saabcarmuseum.com. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-91-527-1620-5. 
  74. ↑ "Saab Company Snapshot 2009". Saabs United. 2009-03-05. https://www.saabsunited.com/2009/03/saab-company-snapshot-2009.html. 
  75. ↑ Rising, Malin (2 December 2013). "Saab is back: First cars produced under new owners". Associated Press. https://news.yahoo.com/saab-back-first-cars-produced-under-owners-131915477--finance.html. 
  76. ↑ "The last Saabs have been built… *updated!". SaabsUnited.com. 22 February 2012. http://www.saabsunited.com/2012/02/the-last-saab-to-be-built.html. 
  77. ↑ Bell, Roger (3 July 1993). "Will the Joystick Take the Joy Out of Driving? Roger Bell Surveys an Initiative Designed to Take Motoring into the 21st Century". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/motoring-will-the-joystick-take-the-joy-out-of-driving-roger-bell-surveys-an-initiative-designed-to-take-motoring-into-the-21st-century-1482588.html. 
  78. ↑ "Saab Innovations". Saab Museum. http://www.saabmuseum.com/innovations/index.html. 
  79. ↑ "Saab Group". Saab Sverige. http://www.saabsverige.com/main/SE/sv/pressreleases/11/index.shtml. 
  80. ↑ "This Saab story is one in a million". JS online. http://www.jsonline.com/business/29181064.html. 
  81. ↑ "Jets, jeans and Hovis". The Guardian. 24 August 2007. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/aug/24/1. 
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  84. ↑ Einar, L. (1987), "Working with Advertising Agencies—The Saab-Scania Experience", Industrial Management & Data Systems 87 (11/12): 3–8, doi:10.1108/eb057493 
  85. ↑ Pederson, Jay P. (2007), International directory of company histories, 83, p. 337 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Knight, Sam (25 July 2009). "Why the Saab inspires intense feelings". The Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/3ba64a08-74ea-11de-9ed5-00144feabdc0.html. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Crace, John (22 January 2010), "The end of my Swedish love affair", The Guardian (London), https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/22/go-wrong-saab-john-crace, retrieved 13 December 2016 
  88. ↑ 88.00 88.01 88.02 88.03 88.04 88.05 88.06 88.07 88.08 88.09 88.10 Emge, Ryan. "Saab Advertising Campaigns Yesterday & Today". Saab History. http://www.saabhistory.com/2007/09/18/saab-advertising-campaigns-yesterday-today/. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  89. ↑ "Go Swift – Go Safe – Go Saab". Flickr. Yahoo. 9 September 2010. https://www.flickr.com/photos/john-saab/4973408823/. 
  90. ↑ "Saab Advertising Campaign – 'The Most Intelligent Cars Ever Built'". Saab History. 11 October 2006. http://www.saabhistory.com/2006/10/11/saab-advertising-campaign-the-most-intelligent-cars-ever-built/. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  91. ↑ What Is Your Favorite Saab Advertising Slogan?, 18 September 2007, http://www.saabhistory.com/2007/09/18/what-is-your-favorite-saab-campaign-slogan/ [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]

Bibliography

External links



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