Earth:Atmospheric methane removal
Atmospheric Methane Removal is a category of potential approaches being researched to accelerate the breakdown of methane once in the atmosphere to mitigate some of the impacts of climate change.[1]
Atmospheric methane has increased since pre-industrial times from 0.7 ppm to 1.9 ppm.[2] From 2010 to 2019, methane emissions caused 0.5 °C (about 30%) of observed global warming.[3][4] Global methane emissions approached a record 600 Tg CH4 per year in 2017.[1]
Natural atmospheric methane sinks
Methane has a limited atmospheric lifetime, about 10 years, due to substantial methane sinks. The primary methane sink is atmospheric oxidation, from hydroxyl radicals (~90% of the total sink) and chlorine radicals (0-5% of the total sink). The rest is consumed by methanotrophs and other methane-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in soils (~5%).[5]
Potential Approaches
Different methods to remove methane from the atmosphere include thermal-catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, biological methanotrophic methane removal, concentration with zeolites or other porous solids, and separation by membranes.[6]
Potential methods can be categorized by the underlying catalytic process, or the potential deployment form.
Atmospheric Oxidation Enhancement
Atmospheric Oxidation Enhancement is the concept of enhancing the overall oxidative sink in the atmosphere, through generating additional hydroxyl or chlorine atmospheric radicals.
Iron Salt Aerosols
Iron salt aerosols are one proposed method of atmospheric oxidation enhancement which involves lofting iron-based particles into the atmosphere (e.g., from ships or towers) to enhance atmospheric chlorine radicals, a natural methane sink.[7] Winds over the Sahara raise dust into the troposphere and disperse it over the Atlantic.[8] A 2023 study suggests that this has contributed to natural atmospheric methane oxidation.[9][10]
Iron salt aerosols are being studied for the potential of Iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) to catalyze chlorine radical production.[11] Chlorine atoms are produced by photolysis from the FeCl3 stemming from iron-containing airborne dust aerosol particles in the oceanic boundary layer.[12]
- FeCl3 + hv → FeCl2 + oCl
Methane oxidation is initiated by the chlorine atoms:
- CH4 + oCl → HCl + oCH3
The resulting methyl radical is unstable and oxidises naturally to CO2 and water:
- 3.5O2 + 2oCH3 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
Side effects of ferric chloride
Fine particles dispersed in the atmosphere can serve as Cloud Condensation Nuclei and thereby cause Marine Cloud Brightening[13]
Eventually all FeCl3 particles are washed out of the air and fall on land or water, where they dissolve into iron compounds and salt.[11]
Iron salt aerosols may also therefore contribute to iron fertilization.
Terrestrial Methanotroph Enhancement
Soil bacteria and archaea account for approximately 5% of the natural methane sink. Early research is going into how the activity of these bacteria may be able to be enhanced, either through the use of soil amendments, or introduction of selected or engineered methane-oxidizing bacteria.[14]
Catalytic Engineered Systems
Catalytic engineered systems are designed to pass air from the atmosphere, either passively or actively, through catalytic systems which leverage energy from the sun, an artificial light, or heat to oxidize methane. These catalysts include thermocatalysts, photocatalysts, and radicals produced artificially through photolysis (using light to break apart a molecule).[14]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jackson, Robert (2021). "Atmospheric methane removal: a research agenda". Philosophical Transactions A 379 (20200454). doi:10.1098/rsta.2020.0454. PMID 34565221. Bibcode: 2021RSPTA.37900454J.
- ↑ "Rising methane could be a sign that Earth's climate is part-way through a 'termination-level transition'". 14 Aug 2023. https://theconversation.com/rising-methane-could-be-a-sign-that-earths-climate-is-part-way-through-a-termination-level-transition-211211#:~:text=Methane%20was%20about%200.7%20parts,%2C%20farming%2C%20landfills%20and%20waste..
- ↑ "Figure AR6 WG1" (in en). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/figures/summary-for-policymakers/figure-spm-2/.
- ↑ "Methane and climate change". https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2022/methane-and-climate-change.
- ↑ Saunois, Marielle; Stavert, Ann R.; Poulter, Ben; Bousquet, Philippe; Canadell, Josep G.; Jackson, Robert B.; Raymond, Peter A.; Dlugokencky, Edward J. et al. (2020-07-15). "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017" (in English). Earth System Science Data 12 (3): 1561–1623. doi:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020. ISSN 1866-3508. Bibcode: 2020ESSD...12.1561S. https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/1561/2020/.
- ↑ Nisbet-Jones, Peter B. R.; Fernandez, Julianne M.; Fisher, Rebecca E.; France, James L.; Lowry, David; Waltham, David A.; Woolley Maisch, Ceres A.; Nisbet, Euan G. (24 January 2022). "Is the destruction or removal of atmospheric methane a worthwhile option?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 380 (2215). doi:10.1098/rsta.2021.0108. PMID 34865528. Bibcode: 2022RSPTA.38010108N.
- ↑ "Iron Salt Aerosols — Atmospheric Methane Removal" (in en). https://www.sparkclimate.org/methane-removal-approaches/iron-salt-aerosols.
- ↑ Radford, Tim (July 16, 2014). "Desert Dust Feeds Deep Ocean Life.". The Daily Climate. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/desert-dust-feeds-deep-ocean-life/.
- ↑ "Spark Climate Solutions" (in en). https://www.sparkclimate.org/article/new-study-sahara-dust.
- ↑ van Herpen, Maarten... (2023). "Photocatalytic chlorine atom production on mineral dust–sea spray aerosols over the North Atlantic". PNAS 120 (31): e2303974120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2303974120. PMID 37487065. Bibcode: 2023PNAS..12003974V.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Franz D. Oeste, Renaud de Richter, Thingzhen Ming. (2017). "Climate engineering by mimicking natural dust climate control: the iron salt aerosol method". Earth System Dynamics 8 (1): 1–54. doi:10.5194/esd-8-1-2017. Bibcode: 2017ESD.....8....1O.
- ↑ KW Oum, MJ Lakin, DO DeHaan, T Brauers, BJ Finlayson-Pitts (2 Jan 1998). "Formation of molecular chlorine from the photolysis of ozone and aqueous sea-salt particles". Science 279 (5347): 74–77. doi:10.1126/science.279.5347.74. PMID 9417027. Bibcode: 1998Sci...279...74O. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9417027/.
- ↑ Gerald, G. Mace (1 Feb 2023). "Natural marine cloud brightening in the Southern Ocean". EGU Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23 (1677–1685): 74–77. doi:10.5194/acp-23-1677-2023. https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/1677/2023/.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Jackson, Robert B.; Abernethy, Sam; Canadell, Josep G.; Cargnello, Matteo; Davis, Steven J.; Féron, Sarah; Fuss, Sabine; Heyer, Alexander J. et al. (2021-11-15). "Atmospheric methane removal: a research agenda" (in en). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379 (2210): 20200454. doi:10.1098/rsta.2020.0454. ISSN 1364-503X. PMID 34565221. Bibcode: 2021RSPTA.37900454J.
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