Earth:Border barrier

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Short description: Separation barrier that runs along or near an international border
Mexico–United States barrier in California
Israeli West Bank barrier
Berlin Wall, 1988.

A border barrier, border fence or border wall is a separation barrier that runs along or near an international border. Such barriers are typically constructed for border control purposes such as curbing illegal immigration, human trafficking, and smuggling.[1][2] Some such barriers are constructed for defence or security reasons. In cases of a disputed or unclear border, erecting a barrier can serve as a de facto unilateral consolidation of a territorial claim that can supersede formal delimitation. A border barrier does not usually indicate the location of the actual border, and is usually constructed unilaterally by a country, without the agreement or cooperation of the other country.

Examples of border walls include the ancient Great Wall of China, a series of walls separating China from nomadic empires to the north. The construction of border barriers increased in the early 2000s; half of all the border barriers built since World War II which ended in 1945, were built after 2000.[3]

List of current barriers

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Border Barriers in the World

Note: The table can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the Sort both.gif icon.

Name Countries affected Built and maintained by Date built Length (km) Type Deaths during crossing attempts References
Argentina–Paraguay Argentina and Paraguay Argentina 2014 1.3 Anti-illegal immigration [4]
Austrian border barrier Austria, Italy, and Slovenia Austria 2015 3.7 Anti-illegal immigration [5]
Belize–Guatemala Belize and Guatemala Belize Proposed, agreed N/A Disputed territory and anti-illegal immigration
Botswana–Zimbabwe Botswana and Zimbabwe Botswana 2003 500 Protection of livestock against disease (Botswana), anti-immigration (purported from Zimbabwe officials) 8 [6]
Brunei–Malaysia Brunei and the city of Limbang, Malaysia Brunei 2005 20 Anti-illegal immigration
Bulgaria–Turkey barrier Bulgaria and Turkey Bulgaria 2014 30 Anti-illegal immigration [7]
Calais border barrier United Kingdom and France United Kingdom and France 2016 1 Anti-illegal immigration [8]
Ceuta border fence Spain and Morocco Spain 2001 8 Anti-illegal immigration 13–18 depending on estimates.[9]
Costa Rica–Nicaragua Costa Rica and Nicaragua Costa Rica Proposed N/A Anti-illegal immigration
Green Line (Cyprus) Cyprus and Northern Cyprus Cyprus and the United Nations 1964 180 Buffer Zone
Chinese–Korean border fence China and North Korea China 2011 1,416 Anti-illegal immigration [10]
Chile-Bolivia ditch Chile and Bolivia Chile 2022 (Under construction) N/A Anti-illegal immigration [11]
Denmark–Germany border fence Denmark and Germany Denmark 2019 70 Wildlife control (official), Anti-immigration (third party claims) [12][13][14]
Dominican–Haiti border fence Dominican Republic and Haiti Dominican Republic Under construction 2022 N/A Anti-illegal immigration and crime [15][16]
Egypt–Gaza barrier Egypt and Gaza Strip Egypt 1979, subterranean barrier under construction 3.1 Anti-terrorism and anti-illegal immigration [17]
Estonia–Russia barrier Estonia and Russia Estonia 2018 110 Anti-intrusion, illegal trade and illegal immigration [18]
Finland–Russia border barrier Finland and Russia Finland 2023 200 Against Russian intrusion, illegal trade and illegal immigration [19]
Greece–Turkey border Greece and Turkey Greece 2012, expanded 2021[20][21] 200 Anti-illegal immigration [22][23][24][25]
North Macedonia–Greece barrier North Macedonia and Greece North Macedonia 2015 30 Anti-illegal immigration [26]
Malaysia–Thailand border Thailand and Malaysia Thailand Proposed 650 Anti-terrorism
Melilla border fence Spain and Morocco Spain 1998 11 Anti-illegal immigration
Hungary–Serbia barrier Hungary and Serbia Hungary 2015 175 Anti-illegal immigration [27][28][29][30][31]
Hungary–Croatia barrier Hungary and Croatia Hungary 2015 41 Anti-illegal immigration
India–Bangladesh barrier India and Bangladesh India Under construction 3,268 Anti-illegal immigration
India–Myanmar barrier India and Myanmar India Under construction 1,624 Anti-drug smuggling and anti-terrorism
India-Nepal barrier India and Nepal India Under construction ? Anti-illegal immigration Anti-terrorism
India–Pakistan barrier India and Pakistan India 2004 550 Anti-terrorism [32]
Iran–Pakistan barrier Iran and Pakistan Pakistan[33] and Iran Under construction 959 Anti-terrorism and Anti-drug smuggling [34][35][36]
Israel-West Bank barrier Israel and Palestine Israel Partially Completed 708 Anti-terrorism and disputed territory [37]
Israel-Egypt barrier Israel and Egypt Israel 2013 245 Anti-illegal immigration
Israel-Lebanon barrier Israel and Lebanon Israel 2018 11 Conflict zone
Israel-Gaza barrier Israel and Gaza Strip Israel 1994 N/A Anti-terrorism
Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan barrier Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan Kazakhstan 2006 45 Anti-drug smuggling
Korean Demilitarized Zone North Korea and South Korea North Korea and United Nations Command 1953 248 Conflict zone
Kruger National Park South Africa and Mozambique South Africa 1975 120 Anti-illegal immigration 89 (Army), over 200 (Various churches)
South Africa–Zimbabwe Border South Africa and Zimbabwe South Africa 2000s 225 Anti-illegal immigration, anti-drug smuggling, anti-weapon smuggling [38][39][40][41]
Kuwait–Iraq barrier Kuwait and Iraq Kuwait 1991 193 Conflict zone
Latvia–Russia border fence Latvia and Russia Latvia 2015 90 Anti-illegal immigration [42]
Libya–Tunisia barrier Libya and Tunisia Tunisia TBA 460 Anti-terrorism, Anti-illegal immigration
Lithuania-Belarus barrier Lithuania and Belarus Lithuania 2021[43] 502 Anti-illegal immigration [44][45]
Lithuania–Russia border fence Lithuania and Russia Lithuania 2017 130 Anti-smuggling, anti-illegal immigration, anti-intrusion [46]
Moroccan Western Sahara Wall Morocco and Western Sahara Morocco 1980 2,700 Conflict zone [47][48]
Norway–Russia border barrier Norway and Russia Norway 2016 0,2 Anti-illegal immigration [49]
Pakistan–Afghanistan barrier Pakistan and Afghanistan Pakistan ongoing 2,670 Anti-terrorism, anti-illegal immigration, anti drug smuggling [50][51]
Poland–Belarus barrier Poland and Belarus Poland 2022[52] 186 Anti-illegal immigration 21[53] [54][55][56][57][58]
Saudi–Yemen barrier Saudi Arabia and Yemen Saudi Arabia 2004 75 Anti-illegal immigration
Saudi–Iraq barrier Saudi Arabia and Iraq Saudi Arabia 2014 900 Anti-illegal immigration and conflict zone [59][60][61]
Slovenia–Croatia barrier Slovenia and Croatia Slovenia 2016 220 Anti-illegal immigration [62][63][64]
Serbia–North Macedonia barrier Serbia and North Macedonia Serbia 2020 240 Anti-illegal immigration [65]
Turkey–Syria border barrier Turkey and Syria Turkey 2018 828 Anti-terrorism, anti-illegal immigration and smuggling [66]
Turkey–Iran border barrier Turkey and Iran Turkey 2019 144 Anti-terrorism, anti-illegal immigration and smuggling
Turkmen–Uzbekistan barrier Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan Turkmenistan 2001 1,700 Anti-illegal immigration
Ukraine–Russia barrier Ukraine , Russia and Belarus Ukraine Under construction 2,000 Anti Weapon Smuggling and Conflict zone
United Arab Emirates–Oman barrier United Arab Emirates and Oman United Arab Emirates 2018 410 Anti-illegal immigration
Mexico–United States barrier United States and Mexico United States Partially Constructed 1,000 Anti-illegal immigration and smuggling [67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]
Uzbek–Afghanistan barrier Uzbekistan and Afghanistan Uzbekistan 2001 209 Anti-illegal immigration
Uzbek–Kyrgyzstan barrier Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan 1999 870 Conflict zone
Hong Kong-China barrier and Forts Hong Kong and mainland China United Kingdom and Hong Kong 1950s ? Anti-terrorism Anti-illegal immigration
(Gibraltar) United Kingdom-Spain barrier (Gibraltar) United Kingdom and Spain United Kingdom and Gibraltar 1909 ? Anti-terrorism Anti-illegal immigration
Ethiopia-Eritrea barrier Ethiopia and Eritrea Ethiopia and Eritrea 1990s–2000s ? Anti-terrorism

Border barriers in history

Map of the Roman Empire, along with locations of limes
The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls, which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today

Antiquity

  • Antonine Wall (began in AD 142 by the Roman province in Britain)
  • Anastasian Wall (built from AD 469, west of Istanbul, Turkey)
  • Great Wall of China (parts were built as early as the 7th century BC by the Qi dynasty in China )
  • Great Wall of Gorgan (built in 5th or 6th century AD)
  • Hadrian's Wall (begun in AD 122)
  • Madukkarai Wall (may have been built as early as the 1st century AD in India )
  • Southern Great Wall, southern counterpart wall to the Great Wall, erected to protect and divide the Chinese from the "southern barbarians" called Miao (meaning barbaric and nomadic)[77]

Middle Ages

  • Cheolli Jangseong
  • The fortifications, castles and border walls between the Emirate of Granada and the Crown of Castile, later Spain between 1238 and 2 January 1492 although it continued as the internal border of the Crown of Castile, then Spain as Kingdom of Granada from 2 January 1492 to 29 September 1833. A large part of the fortifications, castles and walls is currently in good condition.
  • Asilah: The King Alfonso V of Portugal built walls on the outskirts of the city of Asilah, serving as a border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Marinid dynasty (1471–1472), the Saadi Sultanate (1472–1550), the Wattasid dynasty (1577–1589), in the area of the sea there are still cannons next to a Portuguese square tower. Currently the Wall is in good condition.
  • Macau: Ming dynasty (currently China ) built a wall around Macau in 1570.

Early modern period

  • Great Hedge of India, built by the British in 1803
  • The border forts between the Captaincy General of Chile later Chile and the Mapuche territory that served as the border between the two from 1598 to 1883, which was delimited mainly by the Biobío river, the route passed through the Province of Biobío, Region of Biobío and the Region of Araucanía.
  • Zanja de Alsina, built in the 1870s along the southern frontier of Argentina
  • The points, forts and border barriers that functioned between the French Conchinchina and the Nguyễn dynasty that functioned between 1862 and 1887.

Defunct barriers in modern times

  • The posts and barriers between Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory and Qing dynasty later China between 1898 and 1914 and later served as the border between the Empire of Japan and the China, that worked between November 7, 1914, and December 10, 1922, and reoccupied in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 and 1945.
  • The posts and border barriers between Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan and Qing dynasty later China that worked between 1898 and 1945.
  • The Czechoslovak border fortifications and fortified defensive lines built between 1935 and 1938 as a defensive countermeasure against the rising threat of Nazi Germany.
  • The Maginot Line, built between 1929 and 1938 by France on the French–German border as a defensive structure.
  • The border posts and barriers between the (Empire of Japan) through the (Karafuto Prefecture) and the (Russian Empire after Russian SSR after USSR) through the Sakhalin Oblast that operated between 5 September 1907 and 25 August 1945.
  • The border posts, forts and walls between the Russian Dalian (Russian Empire) and the Qing dynasty between 27 March 1898 – 5 September 1905 and between the Kwantung Leased Territory (Empire of Japan) and the (Qing dynasty 5 September 1905 – 10 October 1911 and the Republic of China 10 October 1911 – 1932), later Manchukuo (1932 – 14 August 1945) later by the USSR as the Soviet occupation of Manchuria between August 14, 1945, and May 3, 1946, when it was returned to the Republic of China.
  • The posts, forts and border barriers that operated between the British Burma (1824–1858, 1947–1948) later British Raj through the province of British Burma and French Indochina, Kingdom of Siam and Qing dynasty later China).
  • The frontier posts, forts and barriers that operated between the colony and overseas territory of the French India and (Mughal Empire after Maratha Empire after Company Rule in India after British Raj after India ) which operated between 1664 and 1 November 1954.
  • The posts, forts and border barriers between Finland and the former Soviet Union, in the Hanko peninsula (1940–1941) and in the Porkkala peninsula (1945–1956).
  • The frontier posts, forts and barriers that operated between the colony and overseas province of the Portuguese India and (Mughal Empire after Bijapur Sultanate after Maratha Empire after Company Rule in India after British Raj after India ) which functioned between 15 August 1505 and 19 December 1961.
  • The coastal posts, forts and walls that were in Dutch New Guinea (27 December 1949 – 1 October 1962) after United Nations Provisional Executive Authority (1 October 1962 – 1 May 1963) and served to ward off the United States of Indonesia (27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950) and after Indonesia (17 August 1950 – 1 May 1963).
  • The frontier posts, forts and barriers that operated between the colony and overseas province of the Portuguese Timor, (Independent East Timor between November 1975 to December 7, 1975) and (Dutch East Indies (15 August 1702 – 27 December 1949) later United States of Indonesia (27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950) later Indonesia (17 August 1950 – 7 December 1975) which functioned between 15 August 1702 and 7 December 1975, the border continues to function but is currently free passage.
  • The border posts, forts and barriers between the (Panama Canal Zone) United States and Panama in operation between November 18, 1903, until October 1, 1979, partially and totally the July 1, 1999.
  • The former Soviet Union had a security barrier (see С-175 "curtain") along its entire border from Norway and Finland to North Korea and China . The barrier also existed along to direct border to Soviet allies, e.g. Poland . In Europe, the more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) long direct border between the Soviet Union and Finland/Norway was of particular importance during the Cold War. Along the Finnish border, the barrier was not so well guarded however since Finland agreed to send back all Soviet citizens who escaped.[citation needed] The fence was located a few kilometers (miles) from the border, and still partly remains. Russian law still forbids crossing the border outside of a border station.
  • Iron Curtain in Europe and Asia: apart from the direct border between the former Soviet Union and Norway/Finland, this former barrier includes:
    • Berlin Wall
    • Inner German border
    • Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone
    • German–Czech Border
    • Inner Yemen border

Other

  • Danevirke
  • Gates of Alexander
  • Götavirke
  • Limes Germanicus
  • Limes Saxoniae
  • Offa's Dyke
  • Willow Palisade
  • Zasechnaya cherta

See also

  • Buffer zone
  • Canada–United States border
  • Canal
  • Citadel
  • Defense line
  • Peace lines
  • Demilitarised zone
  • Defensive walls
  • List of cities with defensive walls
  • List of fortifications
  • List of walls
  • Second Amendment sanctuary
  • Trump wall
  • Fences in Rio de Janeiro

References

  1. ↑ "Return of the Fence: Immigration crisis spurs renewed calls for border barrier". Fox News. 2014-07-09. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/07/09/return-fence-immigration-crisis-spurs-renewed-calls-for-border-barrier/. 
  2. ↑ "Border Barrier". Frontline. http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1819/18191290.htm. 
  3. ↑ Friedman, Uri (19 May 2016). "A World of Walls". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/05/donald-trump-wall-mexico/483156/. 
  4. ↑ "A Wall Divides Latin America — but Not the One You're Thinking of". https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/karlazabludovsky/argentina-separation-anxiety. 
  5. ↑ "Mikl-Leitner baut "Grenz-Zaun"". 2015-01-12. http://www.oe24.at/oesterreich/politik/Mikl-Leitner-baut-Grenz-Zaun/209856697. 
  6. ↑ Phillips, Barnaby (2004-03-30). "Zimbabwe crisis spills over border". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3582459.stm. 
  7. ↑ Caroline Mortimer. Bulgaria builds final part of razor wire fence to keep out refugees. The Independent. 4 August 2015.
  8. ↑ McAuley, James (29 September 2016). "France and Britain just beat Donald Trump to building a border wall". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/france-and-britain-just-beat-donald-trump-tobuilding-a-border-wall/2016/09/28/345e352a-8000-11e6-ad0e-ab0d12c779b1_story.html. 
  9. ↑ "Op-Ed - Ceuta, the Border-fence of Europe - Worldpress.org". https://www.worldpress.org/Europe/3371.cfm. 
  10. ↑ "JURIST – Paper Chase: China building border fence facing North Korea". http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php. 
  11. ↑ "Chile construirá nueva zanja en la frontera con Bolivia para frenar migración" (in es). 2022-03-05. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/chile-migraci%C3%B3n_chile-construir%C3%A1-nueva-zanja-en-la-frontera-con-bolivia-para-frenar-migraci%C3%B3n/47406006. 
  12. ↑ "Denmark builds a border fence — but it has nothing to do with migrants" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/denmark-building-border-fence-keep-out-wild-boars-n963801. 
  13. ↑ Bolongari, Kait (28 January 2019). "Denmark building wild boar fence along border with Germany". Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/denmark-begins-building-wild-boar-fence-along-border-with-germany/. 
  14. ↑ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Denmark to build controversial German border fence | DW | 14.08.2018" (in en-GB). https://www.dw.com/en/denmark-to-build-controversial-german-border-fence/a-45078064. 
  15. ↑ "Dominican Republic to construct fence along border with Haiti". news.yahoo.com. Reuters. February 27, 2021. https://www.yahoo.com/news/dominican-republic-construct-fence-along-215153876.html. 
  16. ↑ "Archive.ph". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-09-28/big-take-why-the-dominican-republic-is-building-a-border-wall-between-haiti. 
  17. ↑ Fraser, Christian (9 December 2009). "Egypt starts building steel wall on Gaza Strip border". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8405020.stm. 
  18. ↑ Estonia 'plans Russia border fence' amid Ukraine tensions. BBC News. 28 August 2015
  19. ↑ "Finland starts construction of Russia border fence". 1 March 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64802457. 
  20. ↑ "Greece finishes fence at Turkey border amid warnings of Afghan migrant surge". BBC News. August 21, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58289893. 
  21. ↑ Picheta, Rob; Liakos, Chris (August 21, 2021). "Greece finishes wall on border with Turkey, amid fears of Afghan migrant crisis". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/21/europe/greece-turkey-border-wall-completed-scli-intl/index.html. 
  22. ↑ Danae Leivada. Why Greece Shut The Shortest, Safest Route For Migrants And Refugees. The Huffington Post. Published on 09/24/2015.
  23. ↑ "TURKEY – Greece to put up anti-migrant wall on Turkish border". Hurriyetdailynews.com. 2011-01-02. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=greek--barrier-on-border-with-turkey-to-keep-out-migrants-2011-01-02. 
  24. ↑ Συντάχθηκε απο τον/την theInsider (2010-03-14). "Τείχος κατά μεταναστών στον Έβρο!". Theinsider.gr. http://www.theinsider.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9282:wall-against-immigrants-in-evros&catid=3:society&Itemid=41. 
  25. ↑ "Frontex signs seat agreement with Greece". http://www.frontex.europa.eu/newsroom/news_releases/art74.html. 
  26. ↑ Yannis Behrakis. Police, migrants clash on Macedonia border; soldiers build fence . Reuters . November 28, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Hungary to fence off border with Serbia to stop migrants". Reuters. 2015-06-17. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-immigration-idUSKBN0OX17I20150617. 
  28. ↑ "Reinforcement of temporary border barrier starts on the Hungarian–Serbian border". http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-defence/news/reinforcement-of-temporary-security-barrier-starts-on-the-hungarian-serbian-border. 
  29. ↑ Hungary's PM plans 'more massive' fence to keep out migrants. theguardian.com. 26 August 2016.
  30. ↑ "Hungary Completes 2nd Border Fence Meant to Stop Migrants". Fox News (from the Associated Press). April 28, 2017. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/04/28/hungary-completes-2nd-border-fence-meant-to-stop-migrants.html. 
  31. ↑ "Hungary Completes Second Fence to Keep Out Migrants". Deutsche Welle. April 28, 2017. http://p.dw.com/p/2c64B. 
  32. ↑ "BSF activates 'laser walls' along India-Pakistan border". https://www.rediff.com/news/report/bsf-activates-laser-walls-along-india-pakistan-border/20160428.htm. 
  33. ↑ "Pakistan army says border fencing with Iran to be completed by end of 2021". https://en.irna.ir/news/83906663/Pakistan-army-says-border-fencing-with-Iran-to-be-completed-by. 
  34. ↑ "Debate on Iran border wall disallowed". dawn.com. May 27, 2007. http://www.dawn.com/2007/05/27/top8.htm. 
  35. ↑ "BAE Systems to deliver 145 M777 Ultra Light Howitzers to the Indian Army". http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2911. 
  36. ↑ "South Asia | World's barriers: Pakistan–Iran". BBC News. 2009-11-05. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8343138.stm. 
  37. ↑ "Behind the Wall – Shuafat Refugee Camp". http://www.ir-amim.org.il/eng/?CategoryID=330. 
  38. ↑ "RSA – Mozambique Border Fence". Home.telkomsa.net. http://home.telkomsa.net/leveypa/Kruger/imagepages/Dsc00042.html. 
  39. ↑ Monteiro, Tania (1990-01-27). "'Hundreds killed' by South Africa's border fence". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12517011.000-hundreds-killed-by-south-africas-border-fence-.html/. 
  40. ↑ "Cross-Border Park is Africa's Largest Wildlife Refuge". http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0211_030211_limpopo.html/. 
  41. ↑ "IOL: News for South Africa and the World". http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id%3D1%26click_id%3D31%26art_id%3Dvn20050327135740672C194658%2F. 
  42. ↑ Jeremy Bender. A nation bordering Russia is building a fence along a third of its border. Business Insider. Published on December 16, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Lithuania completes building fence along border with Belarus" (in en). 2022-08-29. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1768340/lithuania-completes-building-fence-along-border-with-belarus. 
  44. ↑ "Lithuania on Monday said it had finished building a fence along its border with Belarus to fight illegal immigration which the West accuses Minsk of orchestrating." (in en). Vilnius: France 24. 2022-08-29. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220829-lithuania-completes-belarus-border-fence. 
  45. ↑ RFE/RL (2022-08-29). "Lithuania Finishes Building Wall On Belarusian Border To Stem Flow Of Illegal Migrants" (in en). RFE/RL. https://www.rferl.org/a/lithuania-wall-belarus-border-illegal-migrants/32009541.html. 
  46. ↑ Lithuania builds Russian border fence as Nato boosts Baltic defences. The Irish Times. January 18, 2017.
  47. ↑ Deployment of Minurso, http://www.minurso.unlb.org/MINURSO_Ceasefire.pdf, retrieved October 27, 2007 
  48. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR – Western Sahara Atlas Map – June 2006". http://www.unhcr.org/453f1b104.html. 
  49. ↑ Osborne, Samuel (25 August 2016). "Norway to build border fence with Russia to keep out refugees". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/norway-border-fence-russia-refugees-refugee-crisis-schengen-syria-war-a7208806.html. 
  50. ↑ "Pakistan doing all it can in terror war – Musharraf". Turkish weekly. February 28, 2006. http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=26761. "WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf said on Monday his country was doing all it could in the U.S.-led war against terrorism and offered to fence and mine its border with Afghanistan to stem Taliban infiltration. "I have been telling Karzai and the United States, 'Let us fence the border and let us mine it.' Today I say it again. Let us mine their entire border. Let us fence it. It's not difficult", Musharraf said, referring to Afghan President Hamid Karzai." 
  51. ↑ Plett, Barbara (March 1, 2006). "Musharraf interview: Full transcript". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4761338.stm. "Now the other thing that I've said: if he thinks everyone is crossing from here, I've been saying let us fence the border and let us also mine the border. We are experts at mining, they should mine the border on their side. We will fence it on our side. If that is all right I am for it, so that they are not allowed to go across at all. And then let us see what is happening in Afghanistan. Why don't they agree to this, I've said this openly many times before, they don't do it, for whatever are their reasons. I know how effective the fence, the Indian fence which is about 1,800 kilometres, and they are fencing the Kashmir mountains also, it is so difficult. Why are they doing that, are they mad, they are spending billions of rupees. Because it is effective. Let's fence this border so that this blame game is killed once for ever." 
  52. ↑ "Poland completes 186-kilometre border wall with Belarus" (in en). 2022-06-30. https://www.euronews.com/2022/06/30/poland-completes-186-kilometre-border-wall-with-belarus-after-migration-dispute. 
  53. ↑ "Europe | Missing Migrants Project". https://missingmigrants.iom.int/region/europe?region_incident=4061&route=9911&year%5B%5D=2500. 
  54. ↑ Kucharczyk, Maciek (2021-10-16). "Patrząc na inne płoty fortecy Europa, ten polski będzie z rozmachem. Tak wyglądają pozostałe [ZDJĘCIA]" (in pl). https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114881,27695567,patrzac-na-inne-ploty-fortecy-europa-ten-polski-bedzie-z-rozmachem.html. 
  55. ↑ WZI (2021-10-12). "Mur na granicy z Białorusią powstanie. Rząd przyjął projekt ustawy" (in pl). https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/mur-na-granicy-z-bialorusia-powstanie-rzad-przyjal-projekt-ustawy-6693138192431744a.htmll. 
  56. ↑ Huemer, Sarah (October 14, 2021). "Polish MPs approve €350M wall on Belarusian border as migrant death toll rises". Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/polish-border-migrants-dead-body-found-and-parliament-approves-funding-for-physical-barrier-belarus-lukashenko/. 
  57. ↑ Porter, Fred (October 16, 2021). "oland parliament authorizes border wall with Belarus". Jurist. https://www.jurist.org/news/2021/10/poland-parliament-authorizes-border-wall-with-belarus/. 
  58. ↑ Plucinska, Joanna; Pempel, Kacper (August 26, 2021). "On the EU's eastern border, Poland builds a fence to stop migrants". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eus-eastern-border-poland-builds-fence-stop-migrants-2021-08-26/. 
  59. ↑ Theodoulou, Michael (6 April 2006). "Saudis plan to fence off border with chaos". http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7374-2126835,00.html/. 
  60. ↑ Spencer, Richard (2015-01-14). "Revealed: Saudi Arabia's 'Great Wall' to keep out Isil". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/11344116/Revealed-Saudi-Arabias-Great-Wall-to-keep-out-Isil.html. 
  61. ↑ [1]
  62. ↑ Surk, Barbara (11 November 2015). "Slovenia Starts Building Border Fence to Stem Flow of Migrants". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/12/world/europe/slovenia-border-fence-migrants-refugees.html. 
  63. ↑ "40 kilometres of new fences will be built in Slovenia in 2019" (in sl). 24ur.com. https://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/novih-40-kilometrov-ograje-v-ilirski-bistrici-kostelu-in-crnomlju.html?bl=1. 
  64. ↑ "One third of south border in fences" (in sl). 24ur. https://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/na-kolpo-dodatnih-3-200-metrov-panelne-ograje.html. 
  65. ↑ "RFE: Serbia builds wire fence on border with North Macedonia" (in en). N1. http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a630957/RFE-Serbia-builds-wire-fence-on-border-with-North-Macedonia.html. 
  66. ↑ "Turkey-Syria border wall to be completed by spring – Turkey News". https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-syria-border-wall-to-be-completed-by-spring-124303. 
  67. ↑ "Trump-O-Meter: | PolitiFact". https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/promises/trumpometer/promise/1397/build-wall-and-make-mexico-pay-it/. 
  68. ↑ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (2017-01-25). "Trump Orders Mexican Border Wall to Be Built and Plans to Block Syrian Refugees" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/us/politics/refugees-immigrants-wall-trump.html. 
  69. ↑ Kerns, Jen (2018-02-03). "New polling proves President Trump is right — 'Americans are #Dreamers, too'". News Communication. https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/372152-new-polling-proves-president-trump-is-right-americans-are-dreamers-too/. "61 percent think that current border security is inadequate, and ... 54 percent support a physical barrier" 
  70. ↑ De Pinto, Jennifer; Backus, Fred; Khanna, Kabir; Salvanto, Anthony (20 January 2018). "Most Americans support DACA, but oppose border wall – CBS News poll". https://www.cbsnews.com/news/most-americans-support-daca-but-oppose-border-wall-cbs-news-poll/. "Most Americans ... oppose building a border wall, but seven in 10 Republicans support it." 
  71. ↑ Salvanto, Anthony; De Pinto, Jennifer (21 December 2018). "Most Americans don't support building the wall". https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-news-poll-americans-dont-support-building-the-wall/. "59 percent of Americans oppose building a wall... A large majority of Republicans support the wall – 79 percent. A majority of independents – 66 percent – oppose the wall, and 84 percent of Democrats are also against it." 
  72. ↑ Kurtzleben, Danielle (23 January 2018). "What The Latest Immigration Polls Do (And Don't) Say". https://www.npr.org/2018/01/23/580037717/what-the-latest-immigration-polls-do-and-dont-say/. "Given the choice between "open borders" ... and a "secure border," 79 percent of Americans agreed that the U.S. needs "secure borders." ... In a different poll, 58 percent of Americans support "building a combination of physical and electronic barriers across the U.S.-Mexico border."" 
  73. ↑ "Government Shutdown 2019" (in en). https://www.politico.com/latest-news-updates/government-shutdown-2019. 
  74. ↑ Baker, Peter (2019-02-15). "Trump Declares a National Emergency, and Provokes a Constitutional Clash" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/us/politics/national-emergency-trump.html. 
  75. ↑ Gramlich, John. "How Americans see illegal immigration, the border wall and political compromise". Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/16/how-americans-see-illegal-immigration-the-border-wall-and-political-compromise/. 
  76. ↑ Norman, Jim (4 February 2019). "Solid Majority Still Opposes New Construction on Border Wall". Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/246455/solid-majority-opposes-new-construction-border-wall.aspx. 
  77. ↑ Learned, J.G.. "The Hmong: Part 1 Legend and History". http://www.north-by-north-east.com/articles/04_04_1.asp. 

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