Earth:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone

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Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
Stratigraphic range: Late Permian
~257.5–254.5 Ma
↓
Cistecephalus1DB.jpg
Cistecephalus microrhinus
TypeBiozone
Unit ofBeaufort Group within Adelaide Supgroup
Sub-unitsMiddle Teekloof Formation west of 24°E
Uppermost Middleton Formation & lowermost Balfour Formation east of 24°E
UnderliesDaptocephalus Assemblage Zone
OverliesTropidostoma Assemblage Zone
Thicknessup to 984.252 ft (300.000 m)
Location
RegionEastern, Northern & Western Cape
Country South Africa
ExtentKaroo Basin
Type section
Named forCistecephalus
Named byRobert Broom
Year defined1906, 1909

The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone found in the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a majorly fossiliferous and geologically important geological group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa .[1][2][3] This biozone has outcrops located in the Teekloof Formation north-west of Beaufort West in the Western Cape, in the upper Middleton and lower Balfour Formations respectively from Colesberg of the Northern Cape to east of Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape. The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be Late Permian in age.[4]

The name of the biozone refers to Cistecephalus, a small, burrowing dicynodont therapsid. It is characterized by the presence of this species, known especially from the upper sections of this biozone, and the first appearance of the dicynodont Aulacephalodon.

History

The first fossils to be found in the Beaufort Group rocks that encompass the current eight biozones were discovered by Andrew Geddes Bain in 1856.[5] However, it was not until 1892 that it was observed that the geological strata of the Beaufort Group could be differentiated based on their fossil taxa. The initial undertaking was done by Harry Govier Seeley who subdivided the Beaufort Group into three biozones,[6] which he named (from oldest to youngest):

These proposed biozones Seeley named were subdivided further by Robert Broom between 1906 and 1909.[7] Broom proposed the following biozones (from oldest to youngest):

These biozone divisions were approved by paleontologists of the time and were left largely unchanged for several decades.[8] The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone was first coined by Robert Broom in 1906,[9] where Broom referred to the rock layers Cistecephalus fossils were found in as the "Kistecephalus beds". The biozone was originally assigned to a far more broader stratigraphic range between the uppermost occurrence of Endothiodon and the lowermost of Lystrosaurus.[10] Decades later, James Kitching revised the biostratigraphic ranges of the Beaufort Group.[11][12] Kitching observed that Cistecephalus fossils were most abundant in a narrow band at the very top of the biozone. He named this area the "Cistecephalus acme zone" or "Cistecephalus Band". Later, researchers sought to redefine the biozone again as Cistecephalus fossils are extremely rare apart from the uppermost portion.[13] It was suggested that, due to the biozone containing the first appearance of Aulacephalodon and its fossils being found throughout, the biozone should be renamed to the Aulacephalodon Assemblage Zone. The biozone was then, for a brief time, renamed the Aulacephalodon-Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone.[14] However, due to the biozone first being named after Cistecephalus, the initial nomenclature of the biozone later overruled its renaming on historical grounds.[15][16]

Lithology

The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is located in the lower portion of the Teekloof Formation west of 24°E, in the upper Middleton Formation and lower Balfour Formation east of 24°E. These formations all fall within the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, sediments of which were formed in a large retroarc foreland basin in southwestern Gondwana.[17] The sedimentary rocks are mainly sandstone, mudrock layers containing mudstone, siltstone, and fine sandstone. The sandstones are thought to have been deposited in broad alluvial plains where low-sinuosity streams flowed, while the mudrock accumulated on the floodplains that flanked these streams.[18][19]

The majority of the fossils in the biozone are found in these interchannel mudrock layers as animal remains that came to rest on the floodplains were quickly buried by alluvial sediments washed downstream. Articulated fossils are not commonly found. However, isolated skulls are fairly common and are usually found encased in calcareous nodules.[20] Fossils not encased in nodules are often fragmented. In addition, Jurassic-aged dolerite sheet and dike intrusions into the Beaufort Group[21][22] have affected the uniformity in colour and texture of the biozone rocks in areas. This includes the colour of the fossilized bones, which range from a smooth, white appearance to being nearly black depending on their proximity to the dolerite intrusions.

Paleontology

The Cistecephalus biozone is well known for its diversity of fossil fauna, especially of therapsid species.[23] It is arranged into lower and upper zones due to the appearance or frequency of certain fossils. The lower zones are characterized by the first appearance of the dicynodont species Aulacephalodon and Oudenodon.[24] Other species found are the Biarmosuchian therapsid Herpetoskylax,[25] Burnetiamorph species namely Lemurosaurus,[26] and numerous Gorgonopsian species such as Lycaenops, Rubidgea, and Dinogorgon. In addition species of Dicynodonts such as Endothiodon and Diictodon, Therocephalians,[27] Pareiasaurs, and rare occurrences of parareptiles such as Owenetta and Milleretta have been found in the upper zones.[28] The temnospondyl amphibian Rhinesuchus,[29] and some fish and plant species have also been found. A dicynodont track way[30] is also known in an outcrop of the biozone east of Graaff-Reinet. Cistecephalus fossils are rare until the uppermost portion of the biozone where the "Cistecephalus Band" is located.[31][32]

Correlations

Correlations in biostratigraphy have been made with the Cistecephalus zone to geological formations outside of South Africa . An Endothiodon snout was discovered in the Rio do Rasto Formation in Brazil ,[33][34] and Cistecephalus fossils have been found in Madumabisa Mudstone in Zambia.[35] Recently, a new cistecephalid dicynodont was discovered in the Kundaram Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley in India .[36] The zone also correlates with the Malokinelskaya and Vyazovskaya Formations of Russia.[37]

See also

  • List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
  • Geology of South Africa
  • Fremouw Formation

References

  1. ↑ J., Hancox, P.; S., Rubidge, B. (1997). "The role of fossils in interpreting the development of the Karoo Basin". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN 0078-8554. http://146.141.12.21/handle/10539/16396. Retrieved 2018-05-28. 
  2. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (1995). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group(Karoo Supergroup). Biostratigraphic series.
  3. ↑ Merrill, van der Walt; Michael, Day; Bruce, Rubidge; K., Cooper, Antony; Inge, Netterberg (December 2010). "A new GIS-based biozone map of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN 0078-8554. http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/13819. 
  4. ↑ Kammerer, C. (2008, September). A new therocephalian from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa and new information on therocephalian systematics. In Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 98A-99A). 60 REVERE DR, STE 500, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062 USA: SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY.
  5. ↑ Bain, Andrew Geddes (1845-02-01). "On the Discovery of the Fossil Remains of Bidental and other Reptiles in South Africa". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1 (1): 317–318. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.72. ISSN 0370-291X. https://zenodo.org/record/1673362. 
  6. ↑ Seeley, H. G. (1895). "Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX., Section 4. On the Gomphodontia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 186: 1–57. doi:10.1098/rstb.1895.0001. 
  7. ↑ Broom, R. (January 1906). "V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa". Geological Magazine 3 (1): 29–30. doi:10.1017/S001675680012271X. ISSN 1469-5081. https://zenodo.org/record/1687495. 
  8. ↑ Watson, D. M. S. (May 1914). "II.—The Zones of the Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System in South Africa". Geological Magazine 1 (5): 203–208. doi:10.1017/S001675680019675X. ISSN 1469-5081. https://zenodo.org/record/1506035. 
  9. ↑ Broom, R. (January 1906). "V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa". Geological Magazine 3 (1): 29–30. doi:10.1017/S001675680012271X. ISSN 1469-5081. https://zenodo.org/record/1687495. 
  10. ↑ Watson, D. M. S. (September 1913). "II.—The Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System of South Africa". Geological Magazine 10 (9): 388–393. doi:10.1017/S0016756800127219. ISSN 1469-5081. 
  11. ↑ Kitching, J. W. (1970). A short review of the Beaufort zoning in South Africa. In Second Gondwana Symposium Proceedings and Papers (Vol. 1, pp. 309–312).
  12. ↑ "Inside front cover". South African Journal of Science 75 (2). 1979-02-01. ISSN 0038-2353. https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/75/2/AJA00382353_5763. 
  13. ↑ Keyser, A. W., & Smith, R. M. H. (1978). Vertebrate biozonation of the Beaufort Group with special reference to the western Karoo Basin. Geological Survey, Department of Mineral And Energy Affairs, Republic of South Africa.
  14. ↑ Keyser, A. W. (1979). A review of the biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Geocongress, Geological Society of South Africa, 2, 13–31.
  15. ↑ Kitching, J. W. (1984). A reassessment of the biozonation of the Beaufort Group. Paleo News, 4(1), 12–13.
  16. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  17. ↑ Smith, R.M.H. (1995-08-01). "Changing fluvial environments across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin, South Africa and possible causes of tetrapod extinctions". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 117 (1–2): 81–104. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)00119-S. ISSN 0031-0182. 
  18. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  19. ↑ NICOLAS, MERRILL; RUBIDGE, BRUCE S. (March 2010). "Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa". Lethaia 43 (1): 45–59. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x. ISSN 0024-1164. 
  20. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  21. ↑ Hancox, P.J; Rubidge, B.S (2001-01-01). "Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group". Journal of African Earth Sciences 33 (3–4): 563–577. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00081-1. ISSN 1464-343X. 
  22. ↑ Coetzee, André; Kisters, Alex (2017-03-01). "Dyke-sill relationships in Karoo dolerites as indicators of propagation and emplacement processes of mafic magmas in the shallow crust". Journal of Structural Geology 97: 172–188. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2017.03.002. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314241286. 
  23. ↑ J., Hancox, P.; S., Rubidge, B. (1997). "The role of fossils in interpreting the development of the Karoo Basin". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN 0078-8554. http://146.141.12.21/handle/10539/16396. Retrieved 2018-05-28. 
  24. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  25. ↑ Sidor, Christian A.; Smith, Roger M. H. (2007-06-01). "A second burnetiamorph therapsid from the Permian Teekloof Formation of South Africa and its associated fauna". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2): 420–430. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[420:ASBTFT2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  26. ↑ Sidor, C. A.; Welman, J. (2003-09-01). "A second specimen of lemurosaurus pricei (therapsida: burnetiamorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (3): 631–642. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0631:ASSOLP2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  27. ↑ Kammerer, C. (2008, September). A new therocephalian from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa and new information on therocephalian systematics. In Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 98A-99A). 60 REVERE DR, STE 500, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062 USA: SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY.
  28. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  29. ↑ Damiani, Ross J. (2004-01-01). "Temnospondyls from the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy". Gondwana Research 7 (1): 165–173. doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70315-4. ISSN 1342-937X. 
  30. ↑ J, de Klerk, William (2002). "A dicynodont trackway from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone in the Karoo, East of Graaff-Reinet, South Africa". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN 0078-8554. http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/16345. 
  31. ↑ Nasterlack, Tobias; Canoville, Aurore; Chinsamy, Anusuya (2012-11-01). "New Insights into the Biology of the Permian Genus Cistecephalus (Therapsida, Dicynodontia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (6): 1396–1410. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.697410. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  32. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  33. ↑ Cisneros, Juan; Abdala, Fernando; Malabarba, Maria (2005-01-01). "Pareiasaurids from the Rio do Rasto Formation, southern Brazil: Biostratigraphic implications for Permian faunas of the Paraná Basin". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 8: 13–24. doi:10.4072/rbp.2005.1.02. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228489585. 
  34. ↑ Dias da Silva, Sérgio (2011-03-01). "Middle-Late Permian tetrapods from the Rio do Rasto Formation, Southern Brazil: a biostratigraphic reassessment". Lethaia 45 (1): 109–120. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00263.x. ISSN 0024-1164. 
  35. ↑ Sidor, Christian (2015-04-09). "The first biarmosuchian from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Luangwa Basin) of Zambia". Palaeontologia Africana 49: 1–7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280091300. 
  36. ↑ Kammerer, Christian F.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Ray, Sanghamitra (2016-10-03). "A new taxon of cistecephalid dicynodont from the upper Permian Kundaram Formation of India". Papers in Palaeontology 2 (4): 569–584. doi:10.1002/spp2.1055. ISSN 2056-2802. 
  37. ↑ "Magnetostratigraphy – Background to stratigraphy across the PTB in Russia". http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Russia/Russia-magneto.html. 



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