Earth:Conservative temperature
Conservative temperature [math]\displaystyle{ (\Theta) }[/math] is a thermodynamic property of seawater. It is derived from the potential enthalpy and is recommended under the TEOS-10 standard (Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater - 2010) as a replacement for potential temperature as it more accurately represents the heat content in the ocean.[1][2]
Motivation
Conservative temperature was initially proposed by Trevor McDougall in 2003. The motivation was to find an oceanic variable representing the heat content that is conserved during both pressure changes and turbulent mixing.[2] In-situ temperature [math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math] is not sufficient for this purpose, as the compression of a water parcel with depth causes an increase of the temperature despite the absence of any external heating. Potential temperature [math]\displaystyle{ \theta }[/math] can be used to combat this issue, as it is referenced to a specific pressure and so ignores these compressive effects. In fact, potential temperature is a conservative variable in the atmosphere for air parcels in dry adiabatic conditions, and has been used in ocean models for many years.[3] However, turbulent mixing processes in the ocean destroy potential temperature, sometimes leading to large errors when it is assumed to be conservative.[4]
By contrast, the enthalpy of the parcel is conserved during turbulent mixing. However, it suffers from a similar problem to the in-situ temperature in that it also has a strong pressure dependence. Instead, potential enthalpy is proposed to remove this pressure dependence. Conservative temperature is then proportional to the potential enthalpy.
Derivation
Potential enthalpy
The fundamental thermodynamic relation is given by:[5]
[math]\displaystyle{ dh - \frac{1}{\rho}dp = T \, d\sigma + \mu \, dS }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ h }[/math] is the specific enthalpy, [math]\displaystyle{ p }[/math] is the pressure, [math]\displaystyle{ \rho }[/math] is the density, [math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math] is the temperature, [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma }[/math] is the specific entropy, [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is the salinity and [math]\displaystyle{ \mu }[/math] is the relative chemical potential of salt in seawater.
During a process that does not lead to the exchange of heat or salt, entropy and salinity can be assumed constant. Therefore, taking the partial derivative of this relation with respect to pressure yields:
[math]\displaystyle{ \left({\partial h \over \partial p}\right)_{S, \, \sigma} = \frac{1}{\rho} }[/math]
By integrating this equation, the potential enthalpy [math]\displaystyle{ h^0 }[/math] is defined as the enthalpy at a reference pressure [math]\displaystyle{ p_r }[/math]:
[math]\displaystyle{ h^0(S, \, \theta, \, p_r) = h(S, \, \theta, \, p) - \int^p_{p_r} \frac{1}{\rho(S, \, \theta, \, p')} dp' }[/math]
Here the enthalpy and density are defined in terms of the three state variables: salinity, potential temperature and pressure.
Conversion to conservative temperature
Conservative temperature [math]\displaystyle{ \Theta }[/math] is defined to be directly proportional to potential enthalpy. It is rescaled to have the same units (Kelvin) as the in-situ temperature:
[math]\displaystyle{ \Theta = \frac{h^0}{C^0_p} }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ C^0_p }[/math] = 3989.24495292815 J kg−1K−1 is a reference value of the specific heat capacity, chosen to be as close as possible to the spatial average of the heat capacity over the entire ocean surface.[2][6]
Conservative properties of potential enthalpy
Conservation form
The first law of thermodynamics can be written in the form:[2][7]
[math]\displaystyle{ \rho \left( {D \epsilon \over Dt} - (p_0 + p)\frac{1}{\rho^2} {D\rho \over Dt} \right) = - \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F_Q} + \rho \epsilon_M }[/math]
or equivalently:
[math]\displaystyle{ \rho \left( {Dh \over Dt} - \frac{1}{\rho} {Dp \over Dt} \right) = - \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F_Q} + \rho \epsilon_M }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ \epsilon }[/math] denotes the internal energy, [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{F_Q} }[/math] represents the flux of heat and [math]\displaystyle{ \rho \epsilon_M }[/math] is the rate of dissipation, which is small compared to the other terms and can therefore be neglected. The operator [math]\displaystyle{ {D \over Dt} = {\partial \over \partial t} + \mathbf{u} \cdot \nabla }[/math] is the material derivative with respect to the fluid flow [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{u} }[/math], and [math]\displaystyle{ \nabla }[/math] is the nabla operator.
In order to show that potential enthalpy is conservative in the ocean, it must be shown that the first law of thermodynamics can be rewritten in conservation form. Taking the material derivative of the equation of potential enthalpy yields:
[math]\displaystyle{ {Dh^0 \over Dt} = {Dh \over Dt} - \frac{1}{\rho} {Dp \over Dt} - {D\theta \over Dt} \int^p_{p_r} \frac{\tilde{\alpha}(S, \, \theta, \, p')}{\rho(S, \, \theta, \, p')} dp' + {DS \over Dt} \int^p_{p_r} \frac{\tilde{\beta}(S, \, \theta, \, p')}{\rho(S, \, \theta, \, p')} dp' }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ \tilde{\alpha} = - \frac{1}{\rho} \left( { \partial \rho \over \partial \theta } \right)_{S, \, p} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \tilde{\beta} = \frac{1}{\rho} \left( { \partial \rho \over \partial S } \right)_{\theta, \, p} }[/math]. It can be shown that the final two terms on the right-hand side of this equation are as small or even smaller than the dissipation rate discarded earlier[2][4] and the equation can therefore be approximated as:
[math]\displaystyle{ {Dh^0 \over Dt} = {Dh \over Dt} - \frac{1}{\rho} {Dp \over Dt} }[/math]
Combining this with the first law of thermodynamics yields the equation:
[math]\displaystyle{ \rho {Dh^0 \over Dt} = - \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F_Q} }[/math]
which is in the desired conservation form.
Comparison to potential temperature
Given that conservative temperature was initially introduced to correct errors in the oceanic heat content, it is important to compare the relative errors made by assuming that conservative temperature is conserved to those originally made by assuming that potential temperature is conserved. These errors occur from non-conservation effects that are due to entirely different processes; for conservative temperature heat is lost due to work done by compression, whereas for potential temperature this is due to surface fluxes of heat and freshwater.[3] It can be shown that these errors are approximately 120 times smaller for conservative temperature than for potential temperature, making it far more accurate as a representation of the conservation of heat in the ocean.[4]
Usage
TEOS-10 framework
Conservative temperature is recommended under the TEOS-10 framework as the replacement for potential temperature in ocean models.[1] Other developments in TEOS-10 include:
- Replacement of practical salinity with the absolute salinity [math]\displaystyle{ S_A }[/math] as the primary salinity variable, [8]
- Introduction of preformed salinity as a conservative variable under biogeochemical processes,[9]
- Defining all oceanic variables with respect to the Gibbs function.[10]
Models
Conservative temperature has been implemented in several ocean general circulation models such as those involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6).[11] However, as these models have predominantly used potential temperature in previous generations, not all models have decided to switch to conservative temperature.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 IOC; SCOR; IAPSO (2010). The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English). pp. 196pp. http://www.TEOS-10.org.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 McDougall, Trevor J. (2003). "Potential Enthalpy: A Conservative Oceanic Variable for Evaluating Heat Content and Heat Fluxes". Journal of Physical Oceanography 33 (5): 945–963. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. Bibcode: 2003JPO....33..945M.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tailleux, Rémi (2015-04-01). "Observational and energetics constraints on the non-conservation of potential/Conservative Temperature and implications for ocean modelling" (in en). Ocean Modelling 88: 26–37. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.02.001. ISSN 1463-5003. Bibcode: 2015OcMod..88...26T. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1463500315000190.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Graham, Felicity S.; McDougall, Trevor J. (2013-05-01). "Quantifying the Nonconservative Production of Conservative Temperature, Potential Temperature, and Entropy" (in en). Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (5): 838–862. doi:10.1175/jpo-d-11-0188.1. ISSN 0022-3670. Bibcode: 2013JPO....43..838G.
- ↑ Warren, Bruce A. (August 2006). "The First Law of Thermodynamics in a salty ocean" (in en). Progress in Oceanography 70 (2–4): 149–167. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.01.001. ISSN 0079-6611. Bibcode: 2006PrOce..70..149W. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079661106000589.
- ↑ Feistel, Rainer (2003-07-01). "A new extended Gibbs thermodynamic potential of seawater" (in en). Progress in Oceanography 58 (1): 43–114. doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(03)00088-0. ISSN 0079-6611. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079661103000880.
- ↑ Davis, Russ E. (1994-04-01). "Diapycnal Mixing in the Ocean: Equations for Large-Scale Budgets" (in EN). Journal of Physical Oceanography 24 (4): 777–800. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<0777:DMITOE>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3670.
- ↑ Wright, D. G.; Pawlowicz, R.; McDougall, T. J.; Feistel, R.; Marion, G. M. (2011-01-06). "Absolute Salinity, Density Salinity and the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale: present and future use in the seawater standard TEOS-10" (in English). Ocean Science 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.5194/os-7-1-2011. ISSN 1812-0784. Bibcode: 2011OcSci...7....1W. https://os.copernicus.org/articles/7/1/2011/.
- ↑ Pawlowicz, R.; Wright, D. G.; Millero, F. J. (2011-06-01). "The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/density relationships and the characterization of real seawater" (in English). Ocean Science 7 (3): 363–387. doi:10.5194/os-7-363-2011. ISSN 1812-0784. Bibcode: 2011OcSci...7..363P. https://os.copernicus.org/articles/7/363/2011/.
- ↑ Feistel, Rainer (2008-12-01). "A Gibbs function for seawater thermodynamics for −6 to 80 °C and salinity up to 120 g kg–1" (in en). Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55 (12): 1639–1671. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.004. ISSN 0967-0637. Bibcode: 2008DSRI...55.1639F. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063708001489.
- ↑ McDougall, Trevor J.; Barker, Paul M.; Holmes, Ryan M.; Pawlowicz, Rich; Griffies, Stephen M.; Durack, Paul J. (2021-01-19). "The interpretation of temperature and salinity variables in numerical ocean model output, and the calculation of heat fluxes and heat content" (in English). Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 14 (10): 6445–6466. doi:10.5194/gmd-2020-426. ISSN 1991-959X. https://gmd.copernicus.org/preprints/gmd-2020-426/.
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