Earth:Continental climate
Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (hot summers and cold winters).[specify] They tend to occur in the middle latitudes (40 to 55 north), where prevailing winds blow overland, and temperatures are not moderated by bodies of water such as oceans or seas. Continental climates occur mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, which has the kind of large landmasses on temperate latitudes required for this type of climate to develop. Most of northern and northeastern China , eastern and southeastern Europe,Western and north western Iran central and southeastern Canada , and the central and northeastern United States have this type of climate.[1]
In continental climates, precipitation tends to be moderate in amount, concentrated mostly in the warmer months. Only a few areas—in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest of North America and in Iran, northern Iraq, adjacent Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan , and Central Asia—show a winter maximum in precipitation. A portion of the annual precipitation falls as snowfall, and snow often remains on the ground for more than a month. Summers in continental climates can feature thunderstorms and frequent hot temperatures; however, summer weather is more stable than winter weather.
Spring and autumn
The timing of intermediate spring-like or autumn-like temperatures in this zone vary depending on latitude and/or elevation. For example, spring may arrive as soon as March in the southern parts of this zone or as late as May in the north. Annual precipitation in this zone is usually between 600 millimetres (24 in) and 1,200 millimetres (47 in), most of it in the form of snow during winter. It also has cold winters and warm summers.
Köppen climate classification
Most such areas fit Köppen classifications of Dfa, Dwa (cold winters, hot summers; "w" indicating very dry winters characteristic especially of China) or Dfb or Dwb (cold winters, warm summers, same distinction for winter dryness). Dry summer continental climates (Dsa and Dsb) exist in high altitude areas near Mediterranean climates. In some cases, the semi-arid climate classification of BSk can also be considered to be continental as long as it has cold winters. The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows: the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below 0 °C (32.0 °F) (some researchers use −3 °C (26.6 °F) for this threshold) and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 °C (50 °F).
Climatology
Continental climates exist where cold air masses infiltrate during the winter and warm air masses form in summer under conditions of high sun and long days. Places with continental climates are as a rule are either far from any moderating effect of oceans or are so situated that prevailing winds tend to head offshore. Such regions get quite warm in the summer, achieving temperatures characteristic of tropical climates but are colder than any other climates of similar latitude in the winter.
Neighbouring climates
In the Koppen climate system, these climates grade off toward temperate climates equator-ward where winters are less severe and semi-arid climates where precipitation becomes inadequate for tall-grass prairies. In Europe these climates may grade off into oceanic climates in which the influence of cool oceanic air masses is more marked toward the west. The subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc), with very cold, long and dry winters, but with at least one month above 10 °C (50 °F), might be considered a sub-type of the continental climate.
List of locations with a continental climate
Asia
- Japan : Sapporo
- Kazakhstan: Nur-Sultan, Almaty
- Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar
- North Korea: Pyongyang
- China : Beijing
Europe
- Belarus : Minsk
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo
- Bulgaria: Sofia
- Estonia: Tallinn
- Hungary: Budapest
- Finland : Helsinki, Turku
- Latvia: Riga
- Lithuania: Vilnius
- Moldova: Chișinău
- Norway : Oslo
- Poland : Warsaw
- Romania: Bucharest
- Slovakia: Bratislava
- Switzerland : Bern
Eurasia
North America
North Saskatchewan River valley in Edmonton
The Forks, with St. Boniface Cathedral in the background in Winnipeg
Toronto skyline taken from Colonel Samuel Smith Park in Etobicoke
Downtown Calgary from Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) campus
Olympic Stadium in Montreal
Quebec City shore
- United States : Minneapolis; Milwaukee; Detroit; Pittsburgh; Boston
Downtown Pittsburgh from Station Square
Boston's skyline in the background, with fall foliage in the foreground
See also
References
- ↑ "Continental Climate". Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment. Manchester Metropolitan University. http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/Older/Continental_Climate.html.
External links
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