Earth:El Negrillar
| El Negrillar | |
|---|---|
| Negros de Aras | |
 The cones in the image centre and associated black lava flows form the El Negrillar volcanic field. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,500 m (11,500 ft) [1] |
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] 24°11′S 68°15′W / 24.18°S 68.25°W [1] |
El Negrillar or Negros de Aras is a volcanic field in the Andes. Located south of the Salar de Atacama[2] and west of the Cordón de Púlar, it generated cinder cones and andesitic lava flows. The volcanic field may be of Holocene age.
Covering a surface area of 190 square kilometres (73 sq mi), it is the largest volcanic field in northern Chile.[3] There are 66 vents, 44 of which are cones with shapes ranging from rings over horseshoes to irregular shapes. It has about 0.23 vents per square kilometre.[2] The cones have volumes of less than 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi) and lava flows are thin and branch out dendritically.[4] Lava flows are up to 100 metres (330 ft) thick and overlie the Salín Formation.[5] They feature surface landforms channels, folds, levees, lobes, ogives and[3] rafts. Owing to the arid climate, landforms are well preserved. A groundwater system underlies the volcanic field and some cones formed through phreatomagmatic eruptions. El Negrillar is located in a complex tectonic regime, with ongoing compression but possibly local extensional tectonics[2] and is located within the Negros de Aras graben.[3]
Radiometric dating has yielded ages of less than 1.5 million years and of 600,000 ± 400,000 years.[2] While the field was sometimes considered to be of Holocene age, the Global Volcanism Program considers it of Pleistocene age as none of the volcanoes are younger than a 100,000 year old volcano farther north. Parts of the Holocene Socompa debris avalanche overlie the field;[1] it formed about 7,200 years ago. The town of Tilomonte and various power lines, mines and water wells are in the area.[2] Reconstructed effusion rates exceed 100 cubic metres per second (3,500 cu ft/s).[3]
El Negrillar has erupted basaltic andesite containing olivine, andesite containing either olivine-pyroxene, pyroxene or pyroxene-hornblende, and dacite. It defines a volcanic arc-type magma.[2] The origin of the more basic lavas of this field has been explained with olivine differentiation.[6]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "El Negrillar". Smithsonian Institution. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=355106.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Aguilera, Mauricio; Ureta, Gabriel; Grosse, Pablo; Németh, Károly; Aguilera, Felipe; Vilches, Matias (1 February 2022). "Geomorphological, morphometric, and spatial distribution analysis of the scoria cones in the Negros de Aras monogenetic volcanic field, northern Chile" (in en). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 422: 107458. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107458. ISSN 0377-0273. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027321002870.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Vilches, Matias; Ureta, Gabriel; Grosse, Pablo; Németh, Károly; Aguilera, Felipe; Aguilera, Mauricio (1 February 2022). "Effusion rate estimation based on solidified lava flows: Implications for volcanic hazard assessment in the Negros de Aras monogenetic volcanic field, northern Chile" (in en). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 422: 107454. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107454. ISSN 0377-0273. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027321002833.
- ↑ Deruelle, Bernard (1982). "Petrology of the plio-quaternary volcanism of the South-Central and Meridional Andes". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 14 (1–2): 77–124. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(82)90044-0. ISSN 0377-0273.
- ↑ Rissmann, Clinton; Leybourne, Matthew; Benn, Chris; Christenson, Bruce (2015). "The origin of solutes within the groundwaters of a high Andean aquifer". Chemical Geology 396: 164–181. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.11.029. ISSN 0009-2541.
- ↑ (in fr) Actas, II Congreso Geologico Chileno: ciudad de arica del 6 al 11 de Agosto de 1979. Instituto de Investigaciones Geologicas. 1980. p. 218. https://books.google.com/books?id=oRUeAQAAMAAJ.
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