Earth:Fort Union Formation

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Fort Union Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Selandian (Lancian-Clarkforkian)
~66–58 Ma
Browniea serrata from the Fort Union Formation
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsAtwell Gulch, China Butte, Ekalaka, Lebo, lower Ludlow, Overland, Rock Bench Quarry, Sentinel Butte, Shotgun, Somber beds, Tongue River, Tullock, upper Ludlow, Polecat Bench Formation
UnderliesWasatch Formation
OverliesHell Creek Formation, Lance Formation
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, shale
OtherCoal
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 47°00′N 104°36′W / 47.0°N 104.6°W / 47.0; -104.6
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 52°48′N 80°06′W / 52.8°N 80.1°W / 52.8; -80.1
RegionMontana, North Dakota
Wyoming, Colorado
CountryUnited States
ExtentPowder River Basin

The Fort Union Formation is a geologic unit containing sandstones, shales, and coal beds in Wyoming, Montana, and parts of adjacent states. In the Powder River Basin, it contains important economic deposits of coal, uranium, and coalbed methane.[1]

Description

The Fort Union is mostly of Paleocene age and represents a time of extensive swamps as well as fluvial and lacustrine conditions. The rocks are more sandy in southwestern Wyoming and more coal-bearing in northeast Wyoming and southeast Montana, reflecting a general change from rivers and lakes in the west to swamps in the east, but all three environments were present at various times in most locations.[2]

Coal in the Fort Union in the Powder River Basin occurs mainly in the Tongue River Member, where as many as 32 coal seams total more than 300 feet in thickness.[1] One such bed, the Wyodak Coal near Gillette, Wyoming, is as much as 110 feet (34 m) thick. Most of the coals in the Fort Union Formation are ranked subbituminous.[3] One Tongue River locality near Bay Horse has a preservational and depositional environment reminiscent of the famous, younger deposits of the Green River Formation from further south, including dominance by the schooling fish Knightia.[4]

Fort Union Formation - stratigraphy

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Mammals

Cimolestans

Cimolestans reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Crustulus C. fontanus Northeastern Montana.[5] Tullock Member.[5] An isolated upper molar.[5] A pantodont.

Leptictids

Leptictids reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Prodiacodon P. crustulum Garfield & McCone counties, Montana.[6] Tullock Member.[6] Fragmentary dentary & isolated teeth.[6] A leptictid.

Marsupials

Marsupials reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Peradectes P. sp. Swain Quarry, Wyoming.[7] Upper & lower molars.[7] Reassigned to Swaindelphys.
Swaindelphys S. cifellii Swain Quarry, Wyoming.[7] Upper & lower molars.[7] An opossum.

Primatomorphs

Primatomorphs reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Carpodaptes C. sp. Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] 2 isolated fourth lower premolars.[8] A carpolestid.
File:Carpodaptes aulacodon.jpg
Chiromyoides C. caesor Hell's Half Acre (UCM locality 78009), Mesa County, Colorado.[9] A single upper incisor (UCM 53515).[9] A plesiadapid.
C. gigas Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado.[9] Multiple teeth.[9] A plesiadapid.
C. sp. UCM locality 78060, Colorado.[9] A left molar (UCM 41606).[9] A plesiadapid.
Elphidotarsius E. shotgunensis Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] Right ramus of mandible & isolated teeth.[8] A carpolestid.
Nannodectes N. gazini Fremont County, Colorado.[9] A right maxilla (USGS 16872).[9] A plesiadapid.
Palaechthon P., near P. alticuspis Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] 3 upper molars & 4 lower molars.[8] A plesiadapiform.
P. woodi Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] A lower jaw & 13 isolated teeth.[8] A plesiadapiform.
Palenochtha P. cf. minor Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] 5 lower teeth.[8] A plesiadapiform.
Paromomys P., near P. depressidens Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] Approximately 12 upper teeth, 8 isolated lower teeth & a jaw fragment.[8] A paromomyid.
Phenacolemur P. fremontensis Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] A lower jaw & isolated teeth.[8] A paromomyid.
P. cf. frugivorus Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] 2 upper molars & 8 isolated lower molars.[8] A paromomyid.
Plesiadapis P. dubius Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado.[9] Jaw elements & teeth.[9] A plesiadapid.
P. fodinatus Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado.[9] Jaw elements & teeth.[9] A plesiadapid.
P. sp. Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] 5 lower molars, 3 anterior upper molars & a premolar.[8] A plesiadapid.
Plesiolestes P. cf. problematicus Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] Approximately 45 isolated teeth.[8] A plesiadapiform.
Pronothodectes P. intermedius Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] Jaw elements & teeth.[8] A plesiadapid.
Purgatorius P. janisae 'Harley's Point' UCMP locality V77087, Garfield County, Montana.[10] Tullock Member.[10] UCMP 150018 (right m1), and UCMP 192398 (left m3).[10] A purgatoriid.
P. mckeeveri Garfield County, Montana.[10] Tullock Member.[10] Dentary remains & teeth.[10] A purgatoriid.
P. cf. P. mckeeveri Harley's Point' UCMP locality V77087, Garfield County, Montana.[10] Tullock Member.[10] UCMP 150019 (right M2), and UCMP 150020 (right M2).[10] A purgatoriid.
Torrejonia Cf. T. wilsoni Wind River Basin, Wyoming.[8] Shotgun Member.[8] About 14 lower teeth & possibly 3 upper molars.[8] A plesiadapiform.
Zanycteris Z. honeyi UMC locality number 92177, Colorado.[11] Atwell Gulch Member.[11] Right maxilla (UCM 87378).[11] A plesiadapiform.

Ungulates

Ungulates reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Dissacus D. argenteus Princeton Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[12] Upper part of the formation.[12] Jaw elements & teeth.[12] A mesonychid.
File:Dissacus argenteus.jpg
D. cf. navajovius Princeton Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[12] Upper part of the formation.[12] Jaw elements & teeth.[12] Specimens reassigned to D. argenteus.
D. praenuntius Park County, Wyoming.[12] Upper part of the formation.[12] Mandible (YPM-PU 16159).[12] A mesonychid also known from the Willwood Formation.
Ectocion E. mediotuber Princeton Quarry, Wyoming.[13] Dentary.[13] A phenacodontid.
Periptychus P. carinidens Makoshika State Park, Montana.[14] A periptychid also found in the Nacimiento, North Horn, Black Peaks & Animas formations.
Sigynorum S. magnadivisus Great Divide Basin, southern Wyoming.[15] China Butte Member.[15] An arctocyonid.

Diapsids

Birds

A partial ornithurine coracoid bone found in this formation is identical to others found in the older Hell Creek Formation. At present, this unnamed species is the only known individual bird species that have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.[16]

Birds reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Lithornis L. celetius Bangtail Quarry, Sedan Quadrangle, Park County, Montana.[17] A lithornithid.

Crocodilians

Crocodilians reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Allognathosuchus A. sp. Princeton Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[18] Anterior end of left dentary (PU 16988).[18] A crocodilian.

Squamates

Squamates reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Anguidae Genus & species indeterminate Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] Fragmentary jaw elements.[19] An anguid lizard.
cf. Anguidae Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] 6 partial dentaries.[19] Provisionally referred to anguid lizards based on size & shape.
Contogenys cf. C. sloani Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] Posterior part of a right maxilla (AMNH 12069).[19] A skink.
Exostinus E. cf. E. lancensis Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] 4 partial dentaries.[19] A xenosaurid lizard.
E. rugosus Princeton & Schaff quarries, Park County, Wyoming.[18] Multiple specimens.[18] A xenosaurid lizard.
Glyptosaurinae Genus & species indeterminate Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] Several jaw remains.[19] A glyptosaurine lizard.
Glyptosaurinae or Odaxosaurinae Genus & species indeterminate Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] Fragmentary jaw elements & osteoderms.[19] Indeterminate lizard remains.
Machaerosaurus M. torrejonensis Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] Numerous jaw elements.[19] An anguid lizard also known from the Nacimiento Formation.
Odaxosaurus O. piger Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] Many fragmentary jaw remains.[19] An anguid lizard.
Oligodontosaurus O. wyomingensis Park County, Wyoming.[18] A left mandible (PU 14246).[18] An amphisbaenian.
Palaeosaniwa cf. P. canadensis Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] Medial part of left dentary (AMNH 15957).[19] A large anguimorph lizard.
Palaeoxantusia P. fera Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] Numerous jaw elements.[19] A night lizard.
Pancelosaurus P. piger Princeton, Fritz & Schaff quarries, Park County, Wyoming.[18] Multiple skull elements.[18] An anguid lizard.
Provaranosaurus P. acutus Princeton Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[18] PU 14243 (left maxilla), 14561 (anterior portion of left dentary) & 17145 ( fragment of left maxilla).[18] A palaeovaranid lizard.
cf. P. sp. Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] 3 partial dentaries (AMNH 14306, 14307 & 14309).[19] A palaeovaranid lizard.
Rhineuridae Unidentified genus & species Fritz Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[18] An almost complete right dentary & a broken vertebra (PU 18627).[18] An amphisbaenian.
Saniwa cf. S. sp. Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] 2 trunk vertebrae (AMNH 15960 & 16003).[19] A varanid.
Swainiguanoides S. milleri Swain Quarry, Carbon County, Wyoming.[19] Jaw elements.[19] An iguanid.

Testudines

Testudines reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Atoposemys A. entopteros Montana.[20] Tullock Member.[20] A softshell turtle.
Axestemys A. montinsana PTRM Site V02017, Slope County, North Dakota.[21] Numerous skull, limb & shell fragments.[21] A softshell turtle also found in the Melville & Denver formations.
Cardiochelyon C. rogerwoodi Reis Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[22] Partial skeleton (YPM PU14671).[22] A kinosternoid formerly thought to be a platysternid.
Cedrobaena C. putorius Cedar Point Quarry, Wyoming.[23] Shell & skull elements.[23] A baenid turtle also found in the Hell Creek Formation.
Hutchemys H. arctochelys Burns Mine, Washoe Area, Carbon County, Montana.[24] Tongue River Member.[24] Multiple shell elements.[24] A softshell turtle.
H. rememdium Fallon County, Montana.[24] Ekalaka Member.[24] A near complete postcranial skeleton (YPM PU 16795) & shell elements.[24] A softshell turtle.
H. sp. Duffy's Ranch, Sweet Grass County, Montana.[24] YPM PU 11566.[24] A softshell turtle.
Ptychogaster P. sp. Princeton Quarry & Reiss Locality, Park County, Wyoming.[18] PU 17794 (fragments of the skull & shell), 14671 & 16443 (shells).[18] A turtle.
Tullochelys T. montanus Montana.[20] Tullock Member.[20] A chelydrid turtle also known from the Hell Creek Formation.

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Amphiuma A. jepseni Park County, Wyoming.[18] PU 14666 (partial vertebral column), 14668 (partial skull) & 16788 (dislocated vertebrae).[18] An aquatic salamander.
Anura Incertae sedis Park County, Wyoming.[18] PU 14662 (distal end of right radioulna), 14663 (proximal end of left radioulna), 14669 (phalanx), 13372 (right maxilla).[18] A frog.
Discoglossidae Undescribed genus & species Park County, Wyoming.[18] Distal end of right humerus (PU 14670).[18] A frog similar to undescribed discoglossid remains from the Hell Creek Formation.[18]
Eorhinophrynus E. sp. Princeton & Fritz quarries, Park County, Wyoming.[18] Humeri & vertebrae.[18] A burrowing toad.
Opisthotriton O. kayi Princeton Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[18] Multiple specimens.[18] A salamander.
Scapherpeton S. tectum Princeton & Schaff quarries, Park County, Wyoming.[18] PU 20583 (3 broken vertebrae, an atlas, an ilium & a rib) & PU 19500 (a humerus).[18] A salamander.
File:Scapherpeton.jpg

Fish

Fish reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Acipenseridae Morphotype A Eagle Mine near Bear Creek, Carbon County, Montana.[25] A complete lateral scute (YPM VPPU 17066).[25] A large sturgeon.
Morphotype B Highway Blowout Site, Fallon County, Montana.[25] Tongue River Member.[25] A complete lateral scute (YPM VPPU 16646).[25] A large sturgeon.
Amia A. basiloides Burns Mine and Eagle Mine near Bear Creek, Carbon County, Montana[26] A near complete skull and partial skeleton, isolated vertebra[26] A large bowfin. frameless
Atractosteus A. grandei Bowman County, North Dakota.[27] Lowest Danian strata.[27] A large gar. frameless
Cyclurus C. fragosus Schaff Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[18] 3 vertebral centra (PU 21174).[18] A bowfin. frameless
Engdahlichthys E. milviaegis Montana.[28] Tullock Member.[28] A fairly small sturgeon.
Knightia K. vetusta Bay Horse, Montana[4] Tongue River Member[4] 28 complete specimens[4] A herring. frameless
Polyodon P. tuberculata Montana.[28] Tullock Member.[28] 3 specimens.[28] A paddlefish. frameless

Invertebrates

Bivalves

Bivalves reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Pisidium P. sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 8 specimens.[29] A sphaeriid.
P.? sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 3 specimens.[29] A sphaeriid.
Plesielliptio P. priscus Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A unionid.
cf. P. priscus Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Several specimens.[29] A unionid.
P. silberlingi Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A unionid.
cf. P. silberlingi Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 6 specimens.[29] A unionid.
P. sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 2 specimens.[29] A unionid.
Sphaeriidae Gen. & sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A sphaeriid.
Sphaerium S. sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 1 specimen.[29] A sphaeriid.
S.? sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Several specimens.[29] A sphaeriid.
Unionidae Gen. & sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 11 specimens.[29] A unionid.

Gastropods

Gastropods reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Acroloxus A.? minutus Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 2 specimens.[29] A river limpet.
A. sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 1 specimen.[29] A river limpet.
Clenchiella C. n. sp. A Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A clenchiellid.
C. n. sp. A? Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 1 specimen.[29] A clenchiellid.
C. cf. C. n. sp. A Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 10 specimens.[29] A clenchiellid.
C. sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 30 specimens.[29] A clenchiellid.
Hydrobia H. anthonyi Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 2 specimens.[29] A hydrobiid.
H. sp. A Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A hydrobiid.
H. cf. H. sp. A Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 2 specimens.[29] A hydrobiid.
H. sp. B? Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Multiple specimens.[29] A hydrobiid.
H. sp. C? Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 1 specimen.[29] A hydrobiid.
H. sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Multiple specimens.[29] A hydrobiid.
H.? sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 2 specimens.[29] A hydrobiid.
Lioplacodes L. multistriata Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A viviparid.
L. tenuicarinata Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A viviparid.
L. tenuicarinata? Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 11 specimens.[29] A viviparid.
L. limneaformis Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A viviparid.
L. sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A viviparid.
L.? sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 1 specimen.[29] A viviparid.
Valvata? V.? sp. indet. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 1 specimen.[29] A valvatid.
Viviparus V. raynoldsanus Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Numerous specimens.[29] A viviparid.
V. raynoldsanus? Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 1 specimen.[29] A viviparid.
V. cf. V. raynoldsanus Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] 17 specimens.[29] A viviparid.
V. sp. Powder River Basin.[29] Tongue River Member.[29] Multiple specimens.[29] A viviparid.

Plants

Ferns and fern allies

Family Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Dennstaedtiaceae? Cf. Dennstaedtia Cf. †D. americana Custer National Forest.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] A single specimen of sterile foliage (UF 18969-34532).[30] A fern.
Equisetaceae Equisetum E. sp. Custer National Forest, Powder River County, Montana.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] A single stem (UF 18969-60476A).[30] A horsetail.

Cycads

Family Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Zamiaceae †Eostangeria †E. pseudopteris Sweetwater County, Wyoming.[31] Upper part of the formation.[31] Multiple specimens.[31] A cycad.

Conifers

Family Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Cupressaceae Glyptostrobus †G. europaeus Mexican Hat locality.[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leafy branches.[32] A Taxodioid cypress relative.
Taxodium †T. olrikii Custer National Forest, Powder River County, Montana.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] branchlets[30] A cypress tree.

Angiosperms

Family Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Cercidiphyllaceae "Populus" †"P". nebrascensis Mexican Hat locality, Montana.[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leaves showing signs of insect damage.[32] A katsura relative.
Likely belonging to †Archeampelos[33]
†Trochodendroides †T. genetrix Mexican Hat locality, Montana[32]
Custer National Forest, Powder River County, Montana.[30] 		Lebo Member.[32]
Tongue River Member.[30] 		Leaves[30] preserve insect damage.[32] A katsura relative.
Formerly called Cercidiphyllum genetrix & Nyssidium arcticum[33]
Cornaceae Cornus †C. swingii Custer National Forest.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Leaves.[30] A dogwood.
Juglandaceae †Juglandiphyllites †J. glabra Mexican Hat locality, Montana.[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leaves with insect damage including probable lepidopteran leaf mines.[32] A member of the walnut family.
†Polyptera †P. manningii Mexican Hat locality[32] Lebo Member.[32] Fruits.[32] A member of the walnut family.
Lauraceae incertae sedis Species 1 Mexican Hat locality, Montana.[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leaf with insect piercing and sucking damage.[32]
Species 2 Mexican Hat locality, Montana.[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leaves preserving insect damage.[32]
Nelumbonaceae †Paleonelumbo †P. macroloba Mexican Hat locality.[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leaves.[32] A nelumbonaceaen.
Nyssaceae †Amersinia †A. obtrullata Custer National Forest, Powder River County, Montana.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Fruits.[30] May be fruits belonging to Beringiaphyllum cupanioides.
†Beringiaphyllum †B. cupanioides Custer National Forest.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Leaf (UF 18969-60464).[30] May be leaves belonging to Amersinia obtrullata.
†Browniea †B. serrata Mexican Hat locality
Custer National Forest[30][32] 		Lebo Member
Tongue River Member.[30][32] 		Leaves preserve insect damage.[32]
Davidia †D. antiqua Custer National Forest.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Leaves & fruits.[30] A dove tree.
Platanaceae †Macginicarpa †M. manchesteri Seven Mile Creek, Montana[33][34] fruits A platanaceous fruiting head
†Macginistemon †M. mikanoides Custer National Forest.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Stamen groups.[30] A platanaceous fruitlet.
†Macginitiea †M. gracilis Custer National Forest.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] A fragmentary leaf (UF 18969-38380).[30] A platanaceous leaf.
†M. nascens Williston Basin.[35] Ludlow Member.[35] Leaves.[35] A platanaceous leaf.
†Platanites †P. raynoldsii Mexican Hat locality, Montana.[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leaves showing signs of insect damage.[32] A plane-tree relative.
Formerly called Platanus raynoldsii[33]
Platanus P. sp. Custer National Forest[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Leaves.[30] A plane-tree.
Polygonaceae †Paranymphaea †P. crassifolia Mexican Hat locality[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leaves.[32] A buckwheat relative.
First described as a water lily relative.[33]
Sapindaceae Aesculus †A. hickeyi Custer National Forest, Powder River County, Montana.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Leaves.[30] A horse chestnut.
Sabiaceae Meliosma †M. thriviensis Williston Basin.[35] Ludlow Member.[35] Leaves.[35] A sabiaceaen.
†M. vandaelium Williston Basin.[35] Tongue River Member.[35] Multiple leaves.[35] A sabiaceaen.
Trochodendraceae? †Nordenskioeldia †N. borealis Custer National Forest[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Fruit.[30] A stem-trochodendrale.
The fruits belonging to Zizyphoides flabella[33]
†Zizyphoides †Z. flabella Mexican Hat locality
Custer National Forest[32][30] 		Lebo Member & Tongue River Member.[32][30] Leaves showing signs of insect damage.[32] A stem-trochodendrale.
The leaves belonging to Nordenskioeldia borealis[33]
Theaceae †Ternstromites cf. †T. aureavallis Mexican Hat locality, Montana.[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leaf with a gall at the intersection of primary and secondary veins.[32] A theaceaen.
†T. paucimissouriensis Williston Basin[35] Ludlow Member
Tongue River Member.[35] 		Leaves.[35] A theaceaen.
Ulmaceae †Ulmites †U. microphylla Custer National Forest[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Leaves.[30] An elm relative.
Incertae sedis †Dicotylophyllum †D. hansonium Williston Basin, North Dakota.[35] Tongue River Member.[35] Leaves.[35] A dicot of uncertain affinity.
†D. horsecreekium Williston Basin.[35] Ludlow Member.[35] Leaves.[35] A dicot of uncertain affinity.
†"Mciveraephyllum" †M. nebrascensis Mexican Hat locality.[32] Lebo Member.[32] Leaves with signs of hole feeding and insect mining.[32] A dicot of uncertain affinity.
Formerly called “Ficus” artocarpoides.[33]
†Phyllites †P. demoresii Custer National Forest[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Leaves.[30] A dicot of uncertain affinity.
†Porosia †P. verrucosa Custer National Forest.[30] Tongue River Member.[30] Fruits.[30] A possible rutaceaen.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wyodak Coal, Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming: "No-Coal Zones" and Their Effects on Coalbed Methane Production, by Mark Ashley, 2005
  2. ↑ Eocene and Paleocene rocks of the southern and central basins, by Robert E. McDonald, in Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver, CO, 1972: p. 248
  3. ↑ Cretaceous and Tertiary coals of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains regions, by R.M. Flores and T.A. Cross, 1991, in Economic Geology, U.S., Geological Society of America, Decade of North American Geology Series, vol. P-2, p. 547-571.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Grande, Lance (1982). A revision of the fossil genus Knightia, with a description of a new genus from the Green River Formation (Teleostei, Clupeidae). American Museum of Natural History Library. New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History. http://archive.org/details/revisionfossilg2731gran. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Clemens, William A. (2018-02-17). "A pantodont (Mammalia) from the latest Puercan North American Land Mammal Age (earliest Paleocene) of the Western Interior, USA". Historical Biology 30 (1–2): 183–188. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1276178. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2018HBio...30..183C. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Clemens, W. (January 9, 2015). "(Leptictidae, Mammalia) from the Tullock Member of the Fort Union Formation, Garfield and McCone Counties, Montana, USA" (in en). PaleoBios 32 (1): 1–17. doi:10.5070/P9321025382. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Johanson, Zerina (November 1996). "New marsupial from the Fort Union Formation, Swain Quarry, Wyoming" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 70 (6): 1023–1031. doi:10.1017/S0022336000038725. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 1996JPal...70.1023J. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-marsupial-from-the-fort-union-formation-swain-quarry-wyoming/32D033CDFC2A42D61645C86AE4B1E5C1. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 Gazin, C. Lewis (1971). "Paleocene primates from the shotgun member of the Fort Union Formation in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 84: 13–37. ISSN 0006-324X. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/44304. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 Burger, Benjamin J.; Honey, James G. (2008-09-12). "Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates) from the late Paleocene Fort Union Formation of the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (3): 816–825. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[816:pmpftl2.0.co;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232670200. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; Clemens, William A.; Moore, Jason R.; Sprain, Courtney J.; Hovatter, Brody T.; Mitchell, William S.; Mans, Wade W. et al. (2021). "Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates". Royal Society Open Science 8 (2). doi:10.1098/rsos.210050. ISSN 2054-5703. PMID 33972886. Bibcode: 2021RSOS....810050W. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Burger, Benjamin John (2013-10-29). "A new species of the archaic primate Zanycteris from the late Paleocene of western Colorado and the phylogenetic position of the family Picrodontidae". PeerJ 1. doi:10.7717/peerj.191. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 24255808. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 O'Leary, Maureen A.; Rose, Kenneth D. (1995-05-12). "New mesonychian dentitions from the Paleocene and Eocene of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming". Annals of the Carnegie Museum 64 (2): 147–172. doi:10.5962/p.215127. ISSN 0097-4463. Bibcode: 1995AnCM...64..147O. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/215127. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Thewissen, J. G. M. (1990) (in en-US). Evolution of Paleocene and Eocene Phenacodontidae (Mammalia, Condylarthra). http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/48629. 
  14. ↑ Shelley, Sarah L.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2018-07-18). "The osteology of Periptychus carinidens: A robust, ungulate-like placental mammal (Mammalia: Periptychidae) from the Paleocene of North America" (in en). PLOS ONE 13 (7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200132. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 30020948. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1300132S. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 McComas, Katie M.; Eberle, Jaelyn J. (May 2015). "A new earliest Paleocene (Puercan) arctocyonid mammal from the Fort Union Formation, Great Divide Basin, Wyoming, and its phylogenetic position among early 'condylarths'". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 14 (6): 445–459. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1066886. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772019.2015.1066886?cookieSet=1. 
  16. ↑ Longrich, N.R., Tokaryk, T. and Field, D.J. (2011). "Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37): 15253-15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108
  17. ↑ Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". The Auk 107 (2): 455–456. doi:10.2307/4087644. ISSN 0004-8038. 
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 18.23 18.24 18.25 18.26 18.27 18.28 Estes, Richard (1975). "Lower Vertebrates from the Fort Union Formation, Late Paleocene, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming". Herpetologica 31 (4): 365–385. ISSN 0018-0831. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 19.23 19.24 19.25 Sullivan, Robert M. (January 1982). "Fossil lizards from Swain Quarry "Fort Union Formation," middle Paleocene (Torrejonian), Carbon County, Wyoming". Journal of Paleontology 56 (4): 996–1010. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289505965. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Hutchison, J. Howard (2013), "New Turtles from the Paleogene of North America", in Brinkman, Donald B.; Holroyd, Patricia A.; Gardner, James D. (in en), Morphology and Evolution of Turtles, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 477–497, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_26, ISBN 978-94-007-4309-0 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Vitek, Natasha S. (2012-03-11). "Giant fossil soft-shelled turtles of North America" (in English). Palaeontologia Electronica 15 (16): 1–43. doi:10.26879/299. ISSN 1094-8074. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2012-issue-1-articles/210-giant-soft-shelled-turtles. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Joyce, Walter G.; Claude, Julien (2020-01-15). "An alternative interpretation of the Paleogene turtle Cardichelyon rogerwoodi as a hinged kinosternoid". Journal of Paleontology 94 (3): 557–567. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.92. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2020JPal...94..557J. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lyson, Tyler R.; Joyce, Walter G. (November 2009). "A revision of Plesiobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and an assessment of baenid ecology across the K/T boundary" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 83 (6): 833–853. doi:10.1666/09-035.1. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228491454. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 Joyce, Walter G.; Revan, Ariel; Lyson, Tyler R.; Danilov, Igor G. (2009). "Two New Plastomenine Softshell Turtles from the Paleocene of Montana and Wyoming". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50 (2): 307. doi:10.3374/014.050.0202. ISSN 0079-032X. Bibcode: 2009BPMNH..50..307J. https://www.academia.edu/en/2380203/Two_new_plastomenine_softshell_turtles_from_the_Paleocene_of_Montana_and_Wyoming. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Brownstein, Chase Doran (November 2022). "Evidence of large sturgeons in the Paleocene of North America" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 97: 218–222. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.87. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Brownstein, Chase D.; Near, Thomas J. (2024). "A giant bowfin from a Paleocene hothouse ecosystem in North America". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (4). doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae042. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae042/7659736. Retrieved 2024-04-30. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Brownstein, Chase Doran; Lyson, Tyler R. (2022). "Giant gar from directly above the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary suggests healthy freshwater ecosystems existed within thousands of years of the asteroid impact". Biology Letters 18 (6). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0118. PMID 35702983. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Murray, Alison M.; Brinkman, Donald B.; DeMar, David G.; Wilson, Gregory P. (2020-03-03). "Paddlefish and sturgeon (Chondrostei: Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae and Acipenseridae) from lower Paleocene deposits of Montana, U.S.A.". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40 (2). doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1775091. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2020JVPal..40E5091M. 
  29. ↑ 29.000 29.001 29.002 29.003 29.004 29.005 29.006 29.007 29.008 29.009 29.010 29.011 29.012 29.013 29.014 29.015 29.016 29.017 29.018 29.019 29.020 29.021 29.022 29.023 29.024 29.025 29.026 29.027 29.028 29.029 29.030 29.031 29.032 29.033 29.034 29.035 29.036 29.037 29.038 29.039 29.040 29.041 29.042 29.043 29.044 29.045 29.046 29.047 29.048 29.049 29.050 29.051 29.052 29.053 29.054 29.055 29.056 29.057 29.058 29.059 29.060 29.061 29.062 29.063 29.064 29.065 29.066 29.067 29.068 29.069 29.070 29.071 29.072 29.073 29.074 29.075 29.076 29.077 29.078 29.079 29.080 29.081 29.082 29.083 29.084 29.085 29.086 29.087 29.088 29.089 29.090 29.091 29.092 29.093 29.094 29.095 29.096 29.097 29.098 29.099 29.100 29.101 29.102 29.103 29.104 Hanley, John H.; Flores, Romeo M. (1987). "Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Nonmarine Mollusca: Indicators of Alluvial Plain Lacustrine Sedimentation, Upper Part of the Tongue River Member, Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), Northern Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana". PALAIOS 2 (5): 479–496. doi:10.2307/3514619. ISSN 0883-1351. Bibcode: 1987Palai...2..479H. 
  30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 30.15 30.16 30.17 30.18 30.19 30.20 30.21 30.22 30.23 30.24 30.25 30.26 30.27 30.28 30.29 30.30 30.31 30.32 30.33 30.34 30.35 30.36 30.37 30.38 30.39 30.40 30.41 30.42 30.43 30.44 30.45 30.46 30.47 30.48 30.49 30.50 30.51 Manchester, Steven R.; Foster, Alyssa; Lott, Terry A. (2023-05-12). "The Paleocene Horse Creek florule, Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation, southeastern Montana, USA" (in english). Acta Palaeobotanica 63 (1): 32–53. doi:10.35535/acpa-2023-0003. ISSN 0001-6594. https://acpa.botany.pl/The-Paleocene-Horse-Creek-florule-Tongue-River-Member-of-the-Fort-Union-Formation,162170,0,2.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Kvaček, Zlatko; Manchester, Steven R. (1999). "Eostangeria Barthel (Extinct Cycadales) from the Paleogene of Western North America and Europe". International Journal of Plant Sciences 160 (3): 621–629. doi:10.1086/314152. ISSN 1058-5893. Bibcode: 1999IJPlS.160..621K. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240563782. 
  32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 32.12 32.13 32.14 32.15 32.16 32.17 32.18 32.19 32.20 32.21 32.22 32.23 32.24 32.25 32.26 32.27 32.28 32.29 32.30 32.31 32.32 32.33 32.34 32.35 32.36 32.37 32.38 32.39 32.40 32.41 Donovan, Michael P.; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Johnson, Kirk R.; Peppe, Daniel J. (2014-07-24). "Novel Insect Leaf-Mining after the End-Cretaceous Extinction and the Demise of Cretaceous Leaf Miners, Great Plains, USA" (in en). PLOS ONE 9 (7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103542. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 25058404. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j3542D. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 Manchester, S. R. (2014). "Revisions to Roland Brown's North American Paleocene Flora". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae 70 (3–4): 153–210. doi:10.14446/AMNP.2014.153. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269995186. 
  34. ↑ Peppe, D.J.; Hickey, L.J. (2014). "Fort Union Formation fossil leaves (Paleocene, Williston Basin, North Dakota, USA) indicate evolutionary relationships between Paleocene and Eocene plant species". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55 (2): 171–189. doi:10.3374/014.055.0209. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274312501. 
  35. ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 35.17 Peppe, Daniel J.; Hickey, Leo J. (November 2014). "Fort Union Formation Fossil Leaves (Paleocene, Williston Basin, North Dakota, USA) Indicate Evolutionary Relationships Between Paleocene and Eocene Plant Species". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55 (2): 171–189. doi:10.3374/014.055.0209. ISSN 0079-032X. Bibcode: 2014BPMNH..55..171P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274312501. 

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