Earth:Black Peaks Formation

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Black Peaks Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Selandian (Tiffanian)
~66.5–60 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofTornillo Group
UnderliesHannold Hill Formation
OverliesJavelina Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherSandstone, limestone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 29°18′N 103°24′W / 29.3°N 103.4°W / 29.3; -103.4
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 36°00′N 82°48′W / 36.0°N 82.8°W / 36.0; -82.8
RegionTexas
CountryUnited States
Type section
Named forBlack Peaks, Brewster County, TX
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The Black Peaks Formation is a geological formation in Texas whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) and Paleocene.[1] It is exposed in and around Big Bend National Park in Brewster County, where it overlies the Late Cretaceous Javelina Formation and underlies the Eocene Hannold Hill Formation.[2][3][4][5]

The Black Peaks Formation is one of the best sources of Paleocene vertebrate fossils in Texas, including many species of mammals (multituberculates, "condylarths", plesiadapiforms, etc.),[6][7] as well as alligatorids like Bottosaurus.[8] Turtle fossils have also been unearthed here too.[9]

Geology

The Black Peaks Formation has a higher proportion of mudstone compared to the Javelina and Hannold Hill formations. Though this makes it more easily eroded (and thus less widely preserved), in areas with sandstone caprock it can form colorful badlands. The mudstone represents ancient floodplain deposits, though the formation also preserves bands of black-white-red "candy-striped" layers representing ancient lakes.[3] The Black Peaks Formation is named after a trio of volcanic plugs on Tornillo Flat, a small plain in Big Bend National Park where the formation is most extensively exposed.[3]

The K-Pg boundary is estimated to be shortly above base of the Black Peaks Formation, in a narrow contact zone where the sandstone-dominated Javelina Formation grades into the mudstone-dominated Black Peaks Formation.[3] In the Dawson Creek area, a 63-million-year-old conglomerate bed divides the youngest dinosaur fossils of the Javelina Formation from the oldest mammal fossils of the Black Peaks Formation.[10]

Paleobiota

Most fossils from the Black Peaks Formation are Paleocene in age, from the Torrejonian and Tiffanian North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). Some major fossil-bearing sites include:

  • Dogie Mountain (TMM 42327), from the Torrejonian 2 NALMA.[11]
  • Tom's Top (TMM 41400), from the Torrejonian 2 NALMA.[11]
  • T2 (TMM 40147), from the Torrejonian 3 or Tiffanian 1 NALMA.[12][7][13][10]
  • C-Con (TMM 41274), from the Tiffanian NALMA.[7][13]
  • Ray's Bonebed (TMM 40535-40537, 41367) and vicinities, from the Tiffanian 3 NALMA.[7][14][13]
  • Joe's Bonebed (TMM 41365-41366), from the Tiffanian 5 NALMA.[6][7][13]

Mammals

Condylarthra

"Condylarths" of the Blacks Peak Formation
Genus / Taxon Species Site(s) Age Notes Images
Arctocyon A. cf. A. ferox Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian An arctocyonid "condylarth"
Chriacus C. baldwini Dogie Mountain[10] Torrejonian 2 An arctocyonid "condylarth"
C. cf. pelvidens Tom's Top, Dogie Mountain[10] Torrejonian 2
Deuterogonodon D. noletil Juniper Canyon,[7] Robber's Roost[10] Torrejonian An arctocyonid "condylarth"
Ectocion E. cf. E. montanensis Ray's Bonebed,[6] Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A phenacodontid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal)
Ellipsodon E. cf. E. inaequidens Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2[11] A mioclaenid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal), originally identified as Ellipsodon priscus.[7]
cf. Goniacodon cf. G. levisanus Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2[11] A triisodontid, originally identified as Eoconodon sp.[7]
Haplaletes H. disceptatrix Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A mioclaenid or apheliscid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal)
Haploconus H. sp. Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2[11] A periptychid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal), originally identified as Haploconus inopinatus.[7]
Lambertocyon[15] L. eximius[15] Joe's Bonebed, near New Taeniodont site[6][15] Tiffanian An arctocyonid "condylarth"
Mimotricentes M. sp. Dogie Mountain, Cobb's Knob[10] Torrejonian An arctocyonid "condylarth"
Mioclaenus M. sp. Tom's Top,[10] Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2[11] A mioclaenid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal). A new species, previously mentioned under the nomen nudum Nexus plexus.[7][11]
M. turgidus Tom's Top, Dogie Mountain[10] Torrejonian 2 A mioclaenid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal)
Periptychus P. carinidens Dogie Mountain,[11] T2,[7] C-Con,[7] Ray's Bonebed[6] Torrejonian - Tiffanian A periptychid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal). Some fossils were originally identified as Carsioptychus coarctatus or Periptychus superstes.[6][7]
Phenacodus P. bisonensis C-Con[7] Tiffanian A phenacodontid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal), originally identified as Phenacodus matthewi.[6]
P. grangeri Ray's Bonebed vicinities, Green Hill, Joe's Bonebed,[6] Rock Crusher[10] Tiffanian A phenacodontid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal)
P. matthewi Ray's Bonebed vicinities, Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A phenacodontid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal)
P. primaevus C-Con[7] Tiffanian A phenacodontid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal), originally identified as Phenacodus grangeri.[6]
Promioclaenus P. acolytus C-Con[6][7] Tiffanian A mioclaenid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal)
P. cf. P. lemuroides Tom's Top[7] Torrejonian 2[11] A mioclaenid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal), originally identified as Ellipsodon priscus.[7]
Prothryptacodon P. sp. T2[7] Torrejonian An arctocyonid "condylarth"
Protoselene P. cf. griphus Yellow Hill[10] Torrejonian A mioclaenid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal)
P. opisthacus Ray's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian
Tetraclaenodon T. puercensis Tom's Top, Dogie Mountain,[10] T2[7] Torrejonian A phenacodontid "condylarth" (early hoofed mammal), originally identified as Phenacodus matthewi.[6]
Tricentes T. truncatus Ray's Bonebed, Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian An arctocyonid "condylarth", possibly a synonym of Chriacus baldwini.
Triisodon T. quivirensis Torrejonian 2[11] A triisodontid, originally identified as Eoconodon coryphaeus.

Euarchonta

Euarchontans of the Blacks Peak Formation
Genus / Taxon Species Site(s) Age Notes Images
Chiromyoides C. sp.[16] Ray's Bonebed, Joe's Bonebed[16] Tiffanian A plesiadapid plesiadapiform (primate relative), previously identified as Chiromyoides caesor or Plesiadapis gidleyi.[6]
Ignacius I. frugivorus Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A paromomyid plesiadapiform (primate relative), previously considered a species of Phenacolemur.[6]
Mixodectes M. malaris Tom's Top, T2[7] Torrejonian[11] A mixodectid (primate and colugo relative)
Nannodectes N. gidleyi Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A plesiadapid plesiadapiform (primate relative), originally identified as Plesiadapis gidleyi.[6]
Navajovius N. kohlhaasae Ray's Bonebed, Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A microsyopid plesiadapiform (primate relative)
Palaechthon P. cf. P. woodi T2[7] Torrejonian A "palaechthonid" plesiadapiform (primate relative), originally identified as Navajovius kohlhaasae.[6]
Plesiolestes P. nacimienti Tom's Top[7] Torrejonian 2[11] A "palaechthonid" plesiadapiform (primate relative), originally identified as Palaechthon nacimienti.[7]
Zanycteris? Z.? sp. Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A picrodontid plesiadapiform. Identification doubtful.[17]

Multutuberculata

Multituberculates of the Blacks Peak Formation
Genus / Taxon Species Site(s) Age Notes Images
Baiotomeus[18] B. douglassi T2[7] Torrejonian A ptilodontid multituberculate, previously considered a species of Neoplagiaulax[6] or Ptilodus.[7]
Mesodma M. cf. pygmaea T2 Torrejonian A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate[7][2]
M. thompsani Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2[11]
Mimetodon M. silberlingi T2,[7] Joe's Bonebed[6] Torrejonian - Tiffanian A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate
Parectypodus P. sinclairi T2[7] Torrejonian A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate, originally identified as Ectypodus musculus or Parectypodus sloani.[6]
P. sloani Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate
Ptilodus P. mediaevus Tom's Top,[10] T2[7] Torrejonian A ptilodontid multituberculate[2]
P. sp. C-Con[7] Tiffanian
P. torridus[7] Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2[11]
Stygimys S. gratus Snail's Place[7] Torrejonian? A eucosmodontid multituberculate[19]
S. vastus[7] Tom's Top[7] Torrejonian 2[11]
Viridomys V. bovorbatus[7] Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2[11] A multituberculate[7][2]

Other mammals

Other mammals of the Blacks Peak Formation
Genus / Taxon Species Site(s) Age Notes Images
Barylambda B. jackwilsoni[6] Ray's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A pantodont, potentially synonymous with Caenolambda jepseni.
Bryanictis B. sp. Tom's Top Torrejonian 2[11] A viverravid (carnivoran relative), originally identified as Protictis terlinguae.[7]
Caenolambda C. sp. Schiebout-Reeves Quarry[6] Late Torrejonian or early Tiffanian[6][7] A pantolambdid pantodont
Cimolestidae indet. Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2[11] An indeterminate cimolestid, originally identified as Gelastops sp.[7]
Jepsenella J. sp. Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian An apatemyid (aye-aye-like insectivore)
Palaeictops? P.? sp. Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A leptictid (hopping insectivore)
Paleotomus P. senior C-Con[7] Tiffanian A pantolestid
Peradectes P. sp. Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2[11] A peradectid metatherian (marsupial relative), originally identified as Peratherium.[7]
Psittacotherium P. multifragum Dogie Mountain, Cobb's Knob,[10] CT2,[7] Ray's Bonebed and vicinities, Joe's Bonebed, New Taeniodont Site[6] Torrejonian[7] - Tiffanian[6] A stylinodontid taeniodont
Swaindelphys S. solastella[14] Ray's Bonebed Tiffanian A "herpetotheriid" metatherian (marsupial relative). The largest metatherian known from Paleocene North America.
Titanoides T. zeuxis Ray's Bonebed, Joe's Bonebed[6] Tiffanian A titanoideid pantodont, probably a synonym of T. gidleyi.[20]

Reptiles

Indeterminate turtle, crocodylian, and lizard fossils are known throughout the formation.[7] Rare fossils of dinosaurs (Alamosaurus and a tyrannosaurid tooth)[21][22][23][24] and the giant pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus[25][26] have been reported from the base of the Black Peaks Formation, though further investigation revealed that these are actually from the Javelina Formation, in layers displaced upwards by faulting.[10]

Reptiles of the Blacks Peak Formation
Genus / Taxon Species Site(s) Age Notes Images
Borealosuchus B. sp.[27] Ray's Bonebed and vicinities, West Tornillo Flat Tiffanian A close relative of crocodylians
Bottosaurus B. fustidens[8] Ray's Bonebed vicinities, Joe's Bonebed Tiffanian A broad-snouted early caiman
cf. Brachychampsa Dogie Mountain, Tom's Top[7] Torrejonian An alligatorid (alligator or caiman relative) with broad crushing teeth[7][2]
Champsosaurus C. sp.[28] Moon Valley Torrejonian? A large choristodere
Dunnophis D. cf. D. microechinis Dogie Mountain, Tom's Top[7] Torrejonian 2 A constrictor snake
Glyptosaurus G. cf. G. sylvestris Dogie Mountain, Tom's Top[7] Torrejonian 2 A glyptosaurine (armored lizard)
Hoplochelys H. sp.[28] Moon Valley Torrejonian? A musk turtle
Scolecophidia Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2 A new species of blind snake, also known as the nomen nudum Suffosio praedatrix.[7]
Trionychidae indet. Torrejonian - Tiffanian Indeterminate softshell turtle fossils[7][2]

Amphibians

Indeterminate frog fossils are also known from Dogie Mountain.[7]

Amphibians of the Blacks Peak Formation
Genus / Taxon Species Site(s) Age Notes Images
Habrosaurus H. dilatus Tom's Top[7] Torrejonian 2 A sirenid salamander (siren)[7]
Opisthotriton O. kayi Tom's Top[7] Torrejonian 2 A batrachosauroidid salamander[7]

Fish

Indeterminate teleost and gar fossils are known throughout the formation.[7][29]

Fish of the Blacks Peak Formation
Genus / Taxon Species Site(s) Age Notes Images
Amia A. sp. Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2 A bowfin
Atractosteus A. sp. Dogie Mountain[7] Torrejonian 2 A gar
Dasyatis D. matrix Dogie Mountain, Tom's Top[7] Torrejonian 2 A stingray[29]
Rhombodus R. tortus C-Con[7] Tiffanian A stingray[29]

See also

  • List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
  • List of pterosaur-bearing stratigraphic units

References

  1. ↑ Vines, Carol Marie McNally (May 2000). Mineralogy and geochemistry of paleosols in the Javelina and Black Peaks formations (late Cretaceous-Paleocene), Big Bend National Park, Texas (Thesis). Texas Tech University.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Schiebout, Judith A.; Rigsby, Catherine A.; Rapp, Stephen D.; Hartnell, Jill A.; Standhardt, Barbara R. (1987). "Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Tertiary and Paleocene-Eocene Transition Rocks of Big Bend National Park, Texas" (in en). The Journal of Geology 95 (3): 359–375. doi:10.1086/629135. ISSN 0022-1376. Bibcode: 1987JG.....95..359S. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/629135. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lehman, Thomas M.; Wick, Steven L.; Beatty, Heather L.; Straight, William H.; Wagner, Jonathan R. (2018-08-14). "Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Tornillo Group (Upper Cretaceous–Eocene) of West Texas". Geosphere 14 (5): 2206–2244. doi:10.1130/GES01641.1. ISSN 1553-040X. Bibcode: 2018Geosp..14.2206L. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327025326. 
  4. ↑ Collins, Cindi Sirois; Elbein, Asher; Csotonyi, Julius (2023). "5. Rivers and Ash: The Paleocene Black Peaks, Hannold Hill, and the combined formations". Dinosaurs and other ancient animals of Big Bend. Corrie Herring Hooks series (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 120–137. ISBN 978-1-4773-2463-9. 
  5. ↑ Straight, William H. (May 1996). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the cretaceous-tertiary boundary, Big Bend National Park, Texas (Thesis). Texas Tech University.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 Schiebout, Judith Ann (1974). "Vertebrate paleontology and paleoecology of Paleocene Black Peaks Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas". Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 24: 1–88. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/ba3c600b-6222-448b-bf20-4e84e210dac3. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.40 7.41 7.42 7.43 7.44 7.45 7.46 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.60 7.61 7.62 7.63 7.64 7.65 7.66 7.67 7.68 7.69 7.70 Standhardt, Barbara R. (1986). "Vertebrate paleontology of the Cretaceous/Tertiary transition of Big Bend National Park, Texas". SU Historical Dissertations and Theses (4209). doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.4209. https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4209/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cossette, Adam P (2021-01-01). "A new species of Bottosaurus (Alligatoroidea: Caimaninae) from the Black Peaks Formation (Palaeocene) of Texas indicates an early radiation of North American caimanines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 (1): 276–301. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz178. ISSN 0024-4082. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345362031. 
  9. ↑ Tomlinson, Susan L. (May 1997). Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary turtles from the Big Bend Region, Brewster County, Texas. https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/items/e420df29-3945-4df7-b1f9-7fec63d27117. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 Lehman, Thomas M.; Cobb, Jacob; Sylvester, Paul; Souders, A. Kate (2022-09-23). "The Cretaceous-Paleogene contact in the Tornillo Group of Big Bend National Park, West Texas, USA". Geosphere 18 (6): 1851–1884. doi:10.1130/GES02519.1. ISSN 1553-040X. Bibcode: 2022Geosp..18.1851L. 
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 Leslie, Caitlin E.; Peppe, Daniel J.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Heizler, Matthew; Jackson, Mike; Atchley, Stacy C.; Nordt, Lee; Standhardt, Barbara (2018-01-22). "Revised age constraints for Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene terrestrial strata from the Dawson Creek section, Big Bend National Park, west Texas". GSA Bulletin 130 (7–8): 1143–1163. doi:10.1130/B31785.1. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 2018GSAB..130.1143L. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31785.1. 
  12. ↑ Rapp, Stephen D.; MacFadden, Bruce J.; Schiebout, Judith A. (September 1983). "Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy of the Early Tertiary Black Peaks Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas". The Journal of Geology 91 (5): 555–572. doi:10.1086/628804. ISSN 0022-1376. Bibcode: 1983JG.....91..555R. https://doi.org/10.1086/628804. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Lofgren, Donald L.; Lillegraven, Jason A.; Clemens, William A.; Gingerich, Philip D.; Williamson, Thomas E. (2004), "3. Paleocene Biochronology: The Puercan Through Clarkforkian Land Mammal Ages", in Woodburne, Michael O., Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, pp. 43–105, doi:10.7312/wood13040-005, ISBN 978-0-231-13040-0, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/wood13040-005/html, retrieved 2026-04-07 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Miller, Kristen; Beard, K. Christopher (2024-11-01). "Biogeographic and biostratigraphic implications of a new species of Swaindelphys (Mammalia, Metatheria) from the Paleocene (Tiffanian) Black Peaks Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (Taylor & Francis) 44 (6). doi:10.1080/02724634.2025.2500501. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2024JVPal..4400501M. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2025.2500501. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Gingerich, Philip D. (1979). "Lambertocyon eximius, a New Arctocyonid (Mammalia, Condylarthra) from the Late Paleocene of Western North America". Journal of Paleontology (Paleontological Society) 53 (3): 524–529. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Beard, K. Christopher; Jones, Matthew F.; Thurber, Nicholas A.; Sanisidro, Oscar (2019-11-02). "Systematics and paleobiology of Chiromyoides (Mammalia, Plesiadapidae) from the upper Paleocene of western North America and western Europe" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (6). doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1730389. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2019JVPal..39E0389B. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2019.1730389. 
  17. ↑ Scott, Craig S.; Fox, Richard C. (2005). "Windows on the Evolution of Picrodus (Plesiadapiformes: Primates): Morphology and Relationships of a Species Complex from the Paleocene of Alberta" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 79 (4): 635–657. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0635:WOTEOP2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0022-3360. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/0022-3360%282005%29079%5B0635%3AWOTEOP%5D2.0.CO%3B2. 
  18. ↑ Krause, David W. (1987). "Baiotomeus, a new ptilodontid multituberculate (Mammalia) from the middle Paleocene of western North America" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 61 (3): 595–603. doi:10.1017/S0022336000028766. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 1987JPal...61..595K. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/baiotomeus-a-new-ptilodontid-multituberculate-mammalia-from-the-middle-paleocene-of-western-north-america/E1764344AC0B93E7B084BA39788DA399. 
  19. ↑ Lofgren, Donald L.; Scherer, Benjamin E.; Clark, Charles K.; Standhardt, Barbara (2005). "First Record of Stygimys (Mammalia, Multituberculata, Eucosmodontidae) from the Paleocene (Puercan) Part of the North Horn Formation, Utah, and a Review of the Genus" (in en). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 12 (1–2): 77–97. doi:10.1007/s10914-005-4865-9. ISSN 1064-7554. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-005-4865-9. 
  20. ↑ Gingerich, Philip D. (1996). "New Species of Titanoides (Mammalia, Pantodonta) from the Middle Clarkforkian (Late Paleocene) of Northwestern Wyoming". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan 29 (14): 403–412. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30849394. 
  21. ↑ Lehman, Thomas M.; Coulson, Alan B. (2002). "A juvenile specimen of the sauropod dinosaur Alamosaurus sanjuanensis from the Upper Cretaceous of Big Bend National Park, Texas" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 76 (1): 156–172. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0156:AJSOTS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/juvenile-specimen-of-the-sauropod-dinosaur-alamosaurus-sanjuanensis-from-the-upper-cretaceous-of-big-bend-national-park-texas/15FCC965966D964997534DC3B37ECA3D. 
  22. ↑ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  23. ↑ Tykoski, Ronald S.; Fiorillo, Anthony R. (2017-05-04). "An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (Taylor & Francis) 15 (5): 339–364. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1183150. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2017JSPal..15..339T. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1183150. 
  24. ↑ Wick, Steven L. (2014). "New evidence for the possible occurrence of Tyrannosaurus in West Texas, and discussion of Maastrichtian tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from Big Bend National Park" (in en). Cretaceous Research 50: 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.010. Bibcode: 2014CrRes..50...52W. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667114000500. 
  25. ↑ Andres, Brian; Langston, Wann (2021-12-14). "Morphology and taxonomy of Quetzalcoatlus Lawson 1975 (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (sup1): 46–202. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1907587. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2021JVPal..41S..46A. 
  26. ↑ Lehman, Thomas M. (2021-12-14). "Habitat of the giant pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus Lawson 1975 (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea): a paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Javelina Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Big Bend National Park, Texas" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (sup1): 21–45. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1593184. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2021JVPal..41S..21L. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2019.1593184. 
  27. ↑ Brochu, Christopher A. (2000). "Borealosuchus (Crocodylia) from the Paleocene of Big Bend National Park, Texas" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 74 (1): 181–187. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0181:BCFTPO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2000JPal...74..181B. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240776227. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lehman, Thomas M.; Barnes, Ken (2010). "Champsosaurus (Diapsida: Choristodera) from the Paleocene of west Texas: paleoclimatic implications". Journal of Paleontology 84 (2): 341–345. doi:10.1666/09-111r.1. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2010JPal...84..341L. https://doi.org/10.1666/09-111r.1. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Hunt, ReBecca K., Vincent L. Santucci and Jason Kenworthy. 2006. "A preliminary inventory of fossil fish from National Park Service units." in S.G. Lucas, J.A. Spielmann, P.M. Hester, J.P. Kenworthy, and V.L. Santucci (ed.s), Fossils from Federal Lands. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 34, pp. 63-69.

Further reading

  • J. A. Fronimos and T. M. Lehman. 2014. New specimens of a titanosaur sauropod from the Maastrichtian of Big Bend National Park, Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(4):883-899
  • T. M. Lehman and K. Barnes. 2010. Champsosaurus (Diapsida: Choristodera) from the Paleocene of West Texas: Paleoclimatic Implications. Journal of Paleontology 84(2):341-345
  • J. A. Schiebout. 1974. Vertebrate paleontology and paleoecology of Paleocene Black Peaks Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas. Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 24:1-88
  • J. A. Wilson. 1967. Early Tertiary mammals. In R. A. Maxwell, J. T. Lonsdale, R. T. Hazzard, & J. A. Wilson (eds.), Geology of Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas. The University of Texas Publication 6711:157-169



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