Earth:Great Rift Valley, Kenya
The Great Rift Valley is part of an intra-continental ridge system that runs through Kenya from north to south. It is part of the Gregory Rift, the eastern branch of the East African Rift, which starts in Tanzania to the south and continues northward into Ethiopia.[1] It was formed on the "Kenyan Dome" a geographical upwelling created by the interactions of three major tectonics: the Arabian, Nubian, and Somalian plates.[2] In the past, it was seen as part of a "Great Rift Valley" that ran from Madagascar to Syria. Most of the valley falls within the former Rift Valley Province.
The valley contains the Cherangani Hills and a chain of volcanoes, some of which are still active. The climate is mild, with temperatures usually below 28 °C (82 °F). Most rain falls during the March–June and October–November periods.[3] The Tugen Hills to the west of Lake Baringo contain fossils preserved in lava flows from the period 14 to 4 million years ago. The relics of many hominids, ancestors of humans, have been found here.[4]
Features
The valley is bordered by escarpments to the east and west. The floor is broken by volcanoes, some still active, and contains a series of lakes. Some of the soils are Andisols, fertile soils from relatively recent volcanic activity.
Lake Turkana occupies the northern end of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya. There are also volcanoes in Lake Turkana. The Suguta Valley, or Suguta Mud Flats, is an arid part of the Great Rift Valley directly south of Lake Turkana. The shield volcano Emuruangogolak straddles the valley to the south of Suguta, and further south Mount Silali and Paka rise from the valley floor. Paka is a shield volcano, with widespread geothermal activity. South of Paka are Mount Korosi, Lake Baringo and Lake Bogoria. Menengai is a massive shield volcano in the floor of the rift with a caldera that formed about 8,000 years ago.[5] It overlooks Lake Nakuru to the south. This region also includes Lake Elementaita, Mount Kipipiri and Lake Naivasha.
The Hell's Gate National Park lies south of Lake Naivasha.[6] In the early 1900s, Mount Longonot erupted, and ash can still be felt around Hell's Gate.[7] Mount Longonot is a dormant stratovolcano located southeast of Lake Naivasha. Mount Suswa is a shield volcano located between Narok and Nairobi. Lava flows from the most recent eruptions are still not covered by vegetation, and may be no more than one hundred years old.[8] Lake Magadi is the most southern rift valley lake in Kenya, although the northern end of Lake Natron in Tanzania reaches into Kenya.
The Elgeyo escarpment forms part of the western wall. The Kerio Valley lies between the Tugen Hills and the Elgeyo escarpment at an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) There are large deposits of Fluorite in the Kerio Valley area. Further south the Mau Escarpment is a steep natural cliff approximately 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high, running along the western edge of the Great Rift Valley about Lake Naivasha. Yet further south the Nguruman Escarpment is around 50 kilometers long and elongated in N-W direction. Its northern edge is about 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of Nairobi, while the southern edge is near the Tanzanian border, at the northwestern corner of Lake Natron. The Aberdare Range forms a section of the eastern rim of the Great Rift Valley to the north of Nairobi. Mount Satima lies at the northern end of the Aberdares and is their highest point, and Mount Kinangop at the southern end is the second highest. The mountains form a ridge between these two peaks. Ngong Hills are peaks in a ridge along the east of the Great Rift Valley, located southwest near Nairobi.
Lakes
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 Lake Bogoria, one of the main lakes in the Great Rift Valley. | |
| Location | Rift Valley Province, Kenya |
| Includes |
|
| Criteria | Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) |
| Reference | 1060rev |
| Inscription | 2011 (35th session) |
| Area | 32,034 ha (79,160 acres) |
| Buffer zone | 3,581 ha (8,850 acres) |
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] : 00°26′33″N 36°14′24″E / 0.4425°N 36.24°E |
| Official name | Lake Turkana National Parks |
| Criteria | Natural: viii, x |
| Reference | 801bis |
| Inscription | 1997 (21st session) |
| Extensions | 2001 |
  Location of Great Rift Valley, Kenya in Kenya | |
Kenya is home to 64 (9.50%) of the total lakes found within the continent of Africa.[9] Eight of these make up the main lakes in the Kenyan Rift Valley. From north to south, the names of these lakes are Lake Turkana, Lake Logipi, Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru, Lake Elmenteita, Lake Naivasha, and Lake Magadi.[3] Of those eight, only Lakes Baringo and Naivasha are fresh water.[10]
Lake Turkana, at the northern end of the rift, is 250 kilometres (160 mi) long, between 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) and 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide and is 125 metres (410 ft) at its greatest depth.[11] Most of the other lakes are shallow and poorly drained, and therefore have become alkaline. They have waters that are rich in blue-green algae, which feed insect larvae, small crustaceans and lesser flamingos. The larvae and crustaceans are food for fish and greater flamingos.[3] Massive flocks of these birds have been found to have an effect on the lakeside sediments also. Their numbers cause trampling of the silts in certain areas, while the feeding grounds are oxygenated due to probing beaks in the mud. Their nest mounds can also be preserved and cemented as the lake's water levels change. These form irregularities in the lakeside topography.[12]
Trona, an evaporative mineral, used for sodium carbonate production, has been mined at Lake Magadi for nearly 100 years. It produces about 250,000 metric tonnes per year.[13] Other precious minerals like rubies and pink sapphires have been found and mined from areas around Lake Baringo. In 2004, over 2 kilograms of Corundum were collected.[14]
Three shallow alkaline lakes and the surrounding lands make up the Kenya lake system: Lake Bogoria at 10,700 hectares (26,000 acres), Lake Nakuru at 18,800 hectares (46,000 acres) and Lake Elementaita at 2,534 hectares (6,260 acres). This system has one of the most diverse populations of birds in the world, and is the home of thirteen globally threatened species of bird. It is an important nesting and breeding site for great white pelicans, and is the most important feeding area for lesser flamingos in the world. The system is home to globally important populations of black-necked grebe, African spoonbill, pied avocet, little grebe, yellow-billed stork, black-winged stilt, grey-headed gull and gull-billed tern.[15]
The Kenya lake system is a key location on the West Asian-East African Flyway, a route followed by huge numbers of birds in their annual migration from breeding grounds in the north to wintering places in Africa. The lands around the lakes include large populations of black rhino, Rothschild's giraffe, greater kudu, lion, cheetah and wild dogs. The Kenya lake system is surrounded by the steep escarpment of the Rift Valley, which provides a spectacular backdrop.[15]
Other lakes are Lake Chew Bahir, in the northeast extension. This lake lies mainly in Ethiopia but extends into Kenya in the rainy season. Lake Kamnarok is another small lake.
Gallery
Lake Baringo, August 1999
Sketch by John Walter Gregory from his expedition to East Africa in 1892-3. "[Mount] Kenya from the Kapte Plains west of Machakos"
The Great Rift Valley from near Eldoret, Kenya in the fall of 2006
An adult purple heron with chicks on a nest at Lake Baringo
An African fish eagle about to catch a fish in Lake Naivasha
See also
Prehistory
Ethnic groups
- Afroasiatic Urheimat
- Ogiek language
- Omotik language
- Origins of Tutsi and Hutu
- Maasai people
- Elgeyo people
- Luhya people
- Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention
Economy
- Rift Valley Railways
- Renewable energy in Africa
- Geothermal power in Kenya
- Science and technology in Africa
- Tourism in Kenya
- Magadi Soda Company
- Medical Emergency Relief International
- Red Maasai
People
- Happy Valley set
- Colin Fletcher
- Hank Wesselman
- Saba Douglas-Hamilton
- Robert Philp (missionary)
- Beryl Markham
- Kuki Gallmann
In popular culture
- The Great Rift: Africa's Wild Heart
- I Dreamed of Africa (book)
- Out of Africa (film)
- Mogambo
- Unsinkable Seven
References
- ↑ Chorowicz, Jean (10 November 2005). "The East African Rift System". Journal of African Earth Sciences 43 (1–3): 379–410. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019. Bibcode: 2005JAfES..43..379C.
- ↑ Corti, Giacomo (February 2012). "Evolution and characteristics of continental rifting: Analog modeling-inspired view and comparison with examples from the East African Rift System". Tectonophysics 522: 1–33. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.06.010. Bibcode: 2012Tectp.522....1C.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Firestone 2009, p. 151.
- ↑ Firestone 2009, p. 23.
- ↑ Menengai.
- ↑ Scoon, Roger N. (2018). Geology of National Parks of Central/Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania: Geotourism of the Gregory Rift Valley, Active Volcanism and Regional Plateaus. Springer. pp. 186. ISBN 9783319737850.
- ↑ Hell's Gate.
- ↑ Suswa.
- ↑ Singh 2006, p. 2.
- ↑ Britton & Harper 2006, p. 334.
- ↑ Anadón, Cabrera & Kelts 1991, p. 6.
- ↑ Scott, Jennifer J.; Robin W. Renaut; R. Bernhart Owen (15 November 2012). "Impacts of flamingos on saline lake margin and shallow lacustrine sediments in the Kenya Rift Valley". Sedimentary Geology 277: 32–51. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.07.007. Bibcode: 2012SedG..277...32S.
- ↑ Warren, John K. (2006). Evaporites:Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons. New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 861. ISBN 978-3-540-26011-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&q=trona+lake+magadi&pg=PA861.
- ↑ Blauwet, Dudley; B. M. L. (1 June 2005). "New ruby and pink sapphire deposit in the Lake Baringo area, Kenya". Gems & Gemology 41 (2): 177–178. http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/27730085/new-ruby-pink-sapphire-deposit-lake-baringo-area-kenya.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 UNESCO.
Sources
- Britton, J. Roberts; Harper, D. M. (August 2006). "Length–weight relationships of fish species in the freshwater rift valley lakes of Kenya". Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22 (4): 334–336. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00769.x.
- Anadón, P.; Cabrera, Ll; Kelts, K. R. (1991). Lacustrine facies analysis. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-632-03149-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=-r5Kstd_l8MC&pg=PA6.
- Firestone, Matthew (2009). Kenya. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-773-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA151.
- "HELL'S GATE INTRODUCTION". WebKenya. http://www.webkenya.com/eng/safari/hells_gate.php.
- "Menengai". Smithsonian. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0202-06=.
- Singh, Ashbindu (2006). Africa's Lakes: Atlas of Our Changing Environment. United Nations Environment Programme. ISBN 92-807-2694-3.
- "Suswa". Smithsonian. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0202-11=.
- UNESCO. "Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley". https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1060.
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