Earth:List of canyons

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Further information: Canyon

This list of canyons and gorges includes both land and submarine canyons with the land canyons being sorted by continent and then by country.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Africa

  • Blyde River Canyon, South Africa
    Blyde River Canyon, South Africa
  • Fish River Canyon, Namibia
    Fish River Canyon, Namibia
  • Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
    Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

South Africa

  • Blyde River Canyon, Mpumalanga
  • Kloof, KwaZulu-Natal (The word Kloof means 'gorge' in Afrikaans )
  • Komati Gorge
  • Lanner Gorge
  • Oribi Gorge, KwaZulu-Natal

Other countries

  • Lesotho - Senqu River Canyon
  • Lesotho - Maletsunyane River Gorge
  • Lesotho - Makhaleng River Canyon
  • Cameroon- Gorges de Kola
  • Egypt- Arada Canyon
  • Ethiopia- Blue Nile Gorge
  • Madagascar- Isalo Canyon
  • Mali—Talari Gorges
  • Morocco- Todgha Gorge
  • Namibia—Fish River Canyon
  • Republic of Congo- Gorges of Diosso
  • Tanzania—Olduvai Gorge
  • Tunisia—Mides Canyon

Americas

  • Itaimbezinho Canyon, Brazil
    Itaimbezinho Canyon, Brazil
  • Ouimet Canyon, Canada
    Ouimet Canyon, Canada
  • Sumidero Canyon, Mexico
    Sumidero Canyon, Mexico
  • Grand Canyon, USA
    Grand Canyon, USA

Argentina

Brazil

  • Guartelá Canyon, Paraná
  • Itaimbezinho, Aparados da Serra National Park, Rio Grande do Sul
  • Fortaleza Canyon, Aparados da Serra National Park, Rio Grande do Sul

Canada

  • Agawa Canyon, Ontario
  • Barron River (Ontario)
  • Beggerlay Canyon, British Columbia
  • Big Canyon, British Columbia
  • Big Creek Canyon, British Columbia
  • Bull Canyon, British Columbia
  • Coaticook Gorge, Quebec
  • Cottonwood Canyon, British Columbia
  • Coquihalla Canyon, British Columbia
  • Deserters Canyon, British Columbia
  • Driftwood Canyon, British Columbia
  • Eakin Creek Canyon, British Columbia
  • Eaton Canyon, Quebec
  • Farwell Canyon, British Columbia
  • Fort George Canyon, British Columbia
  • Fraser Canyon, British Columbia
  • French Bar Canyon, British Columbia
  • Giscome Canyon, British Columbia
  • Grand Canyon of the Stikine, British Columbia
  • Great Canyon (Homathko River), British Columbia
  • The Green Bowl, British Columbia
  • Hagwilget Canyon, British Columbia
  • Helmcken Canyon, British Columbia
  • Horseshoe Canyon, Alberta
  • Horsethief Canyon, Alberta
  • Kitselas Canyon, British Columbia
  • Klinaklini Canyon, British Columbia
  • Klootch Canyon, British Columbia
  • Klootchman Canyon, British Columbia
  • Lava Canyon, British Columbia
  • Maligne Canyon, Alberta
  • Marble Canyon, British Columbia
  • Marie Canyon, British Columbia
  • Mistaya Canyon, Alberta
  • Nanaimo River Canyon, British Columbia
  • Niagara Gorge, Ontario
  • Ouimet Canyon, Ontario
  • Painted Chasm, British Columbia
  • Canyon Sainte-Anne, Quebec
  • Waddington Canyon, British Columbia

Chile

Colombia

  • Chicamocha Canyon, Santander
  • Saturban canyon, Santander

Mexico

  • Copper Canyon, Chihuahua
  • Huasteca Canyon, Monterrey
  • Sumidero Canyon, Chiapas

Peru

  • Colca Canyon, Arequipa
  • Cotahuasi Canyon, Arequipa

United States

  • Antelope Canyon, Arizona
    Antelope Canyon, Arizona
  • Snake River Canyon, Idaho
    Snake River Canyon, Idaho
  • Bighorn Canyon, Montana and Wyoming
    Bighorn Canyon, Montana and Wyoming
  • Green River Canyon, Canyonlands National Park, Utah
    Green River Canyon, Canyonlands National Park, Utah
For a more complete list of Utah canyons, see List of canyons and gorges in Utah.
  • Antelope Canyon, Arizona
  • Ausable Chasm, New York
  • Bad Rock Canyon, Montana
  • Bad Branch Gorge, Kentucky
  • Blackhand Gorge, Ohio
  • Bighorn Canyon, Montana and Wyoming
  • Big South Fork of the Cumberland River gorge, Kentucky and Tennessee
  • Big Thompson River Canyon, Colorado
  • Black Canyon of the Gunnison, Colorado
  • Blackwater Canyon, West Virginia
  • Bluejohn Canyon, Utah—site of Aron Ralston's accident
  • Breaks Canyon, Kentucky and Virginia
  • Buckskin Gulch, Utah—possibly the longest, deepest slot canyon in the world at over 13 mi (21 km); a tributary of the Paria River
  • Cane Creek Canyon, Alabama
  • Canyon de Chelly, Arizona
  • Canyonlands National Park, canyons of the Colorado River and its main tributary the Green River, Utah
  • Canyons of the Escalante, Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah
  • Cataract Canyon, Utah
  • Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
  • Cheat Canyon, West Virginia
  • Chesterfield Gorge, Massachusetts[2]
  • Chitistone Canyon, Alaska
  • Cloudland Canyon, Georgia
  • Columbia River Gorge, Washington and Oregon
  • Desolation Canyon, Utah
  • Dismals Canyon, Alabama
  • Echo Canyon, Nevada
  • Fall Brook Gorge, New York
  • Flaming Gorge, Utah and Wyoming
  • Flume Gorge, New Hampshire
  • Franklin Gorge, West Virginia
  • Fremont River Canyon, Utah
  • Gates of Lodore, Colorado
  • Genesee River Gorge, New York
  • Glen Canyon, Utah and Arizona
  • Glenwood Canyon, Colorado
  • Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona
  • Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne, Yosemite National Park, California
  • Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
  • Grand Coulee, Washington
  • Gulf Hagas, Maine
  • Hells Canyon, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
  • Horseshoe Canyon, Utah
  • James River Gorge, Virginia
  • Kaaterskill Clove, New York
  • Kanuti Canyon, Alaska
  • Kern Canyon, California
  • Kings Canyon, California
  • Kolob Canyons, Zion National Park, Utah
  • Keystone Canyon, Alaska
  • Lehigh River Gorge, Pennsylvania
  • Linville Gorge, North Carolina
  • Little River Canyon, Alabama
  • Logan Canyon, Utah
  • Marble Canyon, Arizona
  • Mather Gorge, Maryland and Virginia
  • Mississippi Gorge, Minnesota
  • Mianus River Gorge, New York
  • Moses Coulee, Washington
  • McKittrick Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas
  • New River Gorge, West Virginia
  • Neversink Gorge, New York
  • Niagara Gorge, New York
  • Nine Mile Canyon, Utah
  • Noatak Canyon, Alaska
  • Palo Duro Canyon, Texas
  • Paria River Canyon, southern Utah into northern Arizona
  • Pine Creek Gorge, Pennsylvania
  • Providence Canyon, Georgia
  • Provo Canyon, Utah
  • Quartermaster Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona[3]
  • Quechee Gorge, Vermont
  • Red River Gorge, Kentucky
  • Rio Grande Gorge, New Mexico
  • Ripogenus Gorge, Maine
  • Royal Gorge, Colorado
  • Ruby Canyon, Colorado and Utah
  • Sabino Canyon, Arizona
  • Saint Christopher's Canyon, Aibonito and Barranquitas, Puerto Rico
  • Salt River Canyon, Arizona
  • San Rafael River Gorge, Utah
  • Santa Elena Canyon, Big Bend National Park, Texas (also in Big Bend N.P.: Boquillas and Mariscal Canyons)
  • Spearfish Canyon, South Dakota
  • Smoke Hole Canyon, West Virginia
  • Tallulah Gorge, Georgia
  • Tennessee River Gorge, Tennessee into Alabama
  • The Trough, West Virginia
  • Titus Canyon, Death Valley, California (also in Death Valley: Golden, Mosaic and Natural Bridge Canyons)
  • Virgin River Gorge, Arizona and Utah
  • Waimea Canyon, Hawaii
  • Walnut Canyon, Arizona
  • Westwater Canyon, Utah
  • Wind River Canyon, Wyoming
  • Wintergreen Gorge, Pennsylvania
  • Yakima River Canyon, Washington
  • Zion Canyon, Utah

Other countries

  • Bolivia—Grand Canyon of Torotoro, Torotoro, Potosi Department
  • Nicaragua—Somoto Canyon, Somoto, Madriz

Asia

  • One of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze river, China
    One of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze river, China
  • Siq, Jordan
    Siq, Jordan
  • Sharyn Canyon, Kazakhstan
    Sharyn Canyon, Kazakhstan
  • Kali Gandaki Gorge, Nepal
    Kali Gandaki Gorge, Nepal
  • Indus River Gorge, Pakistan
    Indus River Gorge, Pakistan

China

  • Huguan Taihang Grand Canyon, Shanxi
  • Longtan Grand Canyon, Hebei
  • Norton Couloir, Tibet
  • Qutang Gorge, Hubei
  • Red Stone Gorge, Henan
  • Taihangshan Gorge, Shanxi
  • Three Gorges, Chongqing
  • Three Parallel Rivers, Yunnan
  • Tiger Leaping Gorge, Yunnan
  • Wu Gorge, Hubei
  • Xiling Gorge, Hubei
  • Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, Tibet Autonomous Region
  • Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, Tibet Autonomous Region

Nepal

  • Chovar Gorge, Kathmandu
  • Kali Gandaki Gorge, Gandaki

India

  • Gandikota, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh
  • Garadia Mahadev, Kota district, Rajasthan
  • Idukki, Western Ghats, Kerala
  • Raneh Falls, Chatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh
  • Satkosia Tiger Reserve, Angul district, Odisha
  • Dayangmukh, Dima Hasao, Assam
  • Assi Ganga, Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand
  • Shatadru, Kufri, Himachal Pradesh

Philippines

  • Bued Gorge, Benguet
  • Montalban Gorge, Central Luzon

Other countries

  • Indonesia—Cukang Taneuh, Pangandaran, Brown Canyon in Semarang
  • Jordan—Siq, Petra
  • Kazakhstan—Sharyn Canyon
  • Kyrgyz Republic—Ala Archa gorge of Ala Archa National Park
  • Oman—Wadi Ghul
  • Pakistan—Indus River Gorge through the Himalaya; Soan River gorge
  • Taiwan—Taroko Gorge of Taroko National Park

Europe

  • Cheddar Gorge, England
    Cheddar Gorge, England
  • Gorges du Tarn, France
    Gorges du Tarn, France
  • Fjaðrárgljúfur Canyon, Iceland
    Fjaðrárgljúfur Canyon, Iceland
  • Bicaz Gorge, Romania
    Bicaz Gorge, Romania
  • Aare Gorge, Switzerland
    Aare Gorge, Switzerland

Albania

  • Osum Gorge
  • Këlcyrë Gorge

Austria

  • Leutasch Gorge, Tyrol
  • Liechtensteinklamm, Salzburg
  • Rappenloch Gorge, Vorarlberg

France

  • Ardèche Gorges, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
  • Daluis Gorge, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
  • Gorges du Tarn, Occitanie
  • Verdon Gorge, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Georgia

  • Aragvi River Gorge
  • Pankisi Gorge
  • Okaze canyon
  • Martvili canyon

Germany

  • Mensinger Ravine, Northrhine-Westphalia
  • Rhine Gorge, Rhineland-Palatine and Hesse
  • Spetzgarter Gorge, Baden-Württemberg
  • Wutach Gorge, Baden-Württemberg

Greece

  • Agia Eirini Gorge, Crete
  • Ha Gorge, Crete
  • Imbros Gorge, Crete
  • Kotsifos Gorge, Crete
  • Kourtaliotiko Gorge, Crete
  • Richtis Gorge, Crete
  • Sarakina Gorge, Crete
  • Samaria Gorge, Crete
  • Vikos Gorge, Vikos–Aoös National Park

Ireland

  • Gap of Dunloe, County Kerry
  • Mizen Head, County Cork
  • The Scalp, County Dublin[4]

Italy

  • Bletterbach, South Tyrol
  • Gorropu, Sardinia

Kosovo

  • Rugova Canyon

Montenegro

  • Morača Canyon
  • Tara River Canyon
  • Piva Canyon

Norway

  • Allmannajuvet Canyon, Rogaland
  • Jutulhogget Canyon, Hedmark
  • Jutulhogget Canyon, Oppland
  • Mågålaupet Gorge, Sør-Trøndelag
  • Sautso Canyon, Finnmark

Russia

Sulak Canyon in Dagestan

Switzerland

See also[5]

  • Aare Gorge, Bern
  • Küsnachter Tobel, Zurich
  • Rofla Gorge, Grisons
  • Ruinaulta, Grisons
  • Schöllenen Gorge, Uri
  • Tamina Gorge, St. Gallen
  • Taubenloch, Bern
  • Trient Gorges, Valais
  • Viamala, Grisons

Turkey

For a more complete list of canyons in Turkey, see List of canyons and gorges in Turkey.
  • Boğazpınar Canyon, Mersin Province
  • Harmanköy Canyon, Bilecik
  • Ulubey Canyon, Uşak
  • Valla Canyon, Küre, Kastamonu

United Kingdom

  • Avon Gorge, Bristol, England
    Avon Gorge, Bristol, England
  • Corrieshalloch Gorge, Ross-shire, Scotland
    Corrieshalloch Gorge, Ross-shire, Scotland
  • Gordale Scar, Yorkshire, England
    Gordale Scar, Yorkshire, England
  • Winnats Pass, Derbyshire, England
    Winnats Pass, Derbyshire, England

England

  • Avon Gorge, in Bristol, Somerset and Gloucestershire
  • Burrington Combe, Somerset
  • Cauldron Snout, County Durham[6]
  • Cheddar Gorge, Somerset
  • Chee Dale, Derbyshire
  • Cliviger Gorge, Lancashire
  • Cresswell Crags, Nottinghamshire
  • Deep Dale, Derbyshire
  • Ebbor Gorge, Somerset
  • Gordale Scar, Yorkshire[7]
  • Harehope Canyon, Northumberland
  • Hen Hole, Northumberland
  • High Cup Gill, Westmorland
  • How Stean Gorge, Yorkshire
  • Ironbridge Gorge, Shropshire
  • Lud's Church, Staffordshire
  • Piers Gill, Cumberland
  • Sleightholme Beck Gorge, Yorkshire[8]
  • Staward Gorge, Northumberland
  • Trollers Gill, Yorkshire
  • Winnats Pass, Derbyshire

Scotland

  • Ailnack Gorge, Banffshire[9]
  • Alva Glen, Clackmannanshire
  • Avon Gorge, Stirlingshire and West Lothian
  • Black Rock Gorge, Ross-shire
  • Burn o' Vat, Aberdeenshire
  • Corrieshalloch Gorge, Ross-shire[9]
  • Craighall Gorge, Perthshire
  • Crichope Linn, Dumfriesshire
  • Daal of Lumbister, Shetland[10]
  • Dean Gorge in Edinburgh, Midlothian
  • Dob's Linn, Dumfriesshire[11]
  • Glen Valtos on Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides[9]
  • Ness Glen, Ayrshire[12]
  • Nethan Gorge, Lanarkshire
  • Puck's Glen, Argyllshire[13]

Wales

  • Aberglaslyn Pass, Caernarfonshire
  • Alyn Gorge, Denbighshire and Flintshire
  • Ceunant Cynfal, Merionethshire[14]
  • Ceunant Llennyrch, Merionethshire
  • Clydach Gorge, Monmouthshire
  • Dylife Gorge, Montgomeryshire
  • Fairy Glen (Ffos Anoddun), at Betws-y-Coed, Caernarfonshire

Other countries

  • Bulgaria—Trigrad Gorge
  • Greenland—Greenland's Grand Canyon
  • Iceland—Fjaðrárgljúfur Canyon
  • Macedonia—Matka Canyon
  • Romania—Bicaz Gorge
  • Kosovo—Rugova Canyon
  • Ukraine—Dniester Canyon
  • Spain—Congost de Mont-Rebei

Oceania

  • Skippers Canyon, New Zealand
    Skippers Canyon, New Zealand
  • Cathedral Gorge, Purnululu National Park, Western Australia
    Cathedral Gorge, Purnululu National Park, Western Australia
  • Katherine Gorge, Northern Territory of Australia
    Katherine Gorge, Northern Territory of Australia
  • Murchison River Gorge, Western Australia
    Murchison River Gorge, Western Australia
  • Capertee Valley, New South Wales
    Capertee Valley, New South Wales
  • Jamison Valley, New South Wales
    Jamison Valley, New South Wales

Australia

Joffre Gorge, Karijini National Park
Palm Valley, Finke Gorge National Park
  • Barfold Gorge, Victoria
  • Barron Gorge, Queensland
  • Bouldercombe Gorge, Queensland
  • Cambanoora Gorge, Queensland
  • Capertee Valley, New South Wales
  • Carnarvon Gorge, Queensland
  • Cataract Gorge, Tasmania
  • Dimond Gorge, Western Australia
  • Galston Gorge, New South Wales
  • Geikie Gorge National Park, Western Australia
  • Jamison Valley, New South Wales
  • Karijini National Park, Western Australia—contains gorges named Dales, Hamersley, Hancock, Joffre, Kalamina, Knox, Munjina, Range, Red, Weano, Wittenoom and Yampire;[15] blue asbestos exists in the latter two gorges[16]
  • Katherine Gorge, Northern Territory
  • Kings Canyon, Northern Territory
  • Lerderderg Gorge, Victoria
  • Little River Gorge, Victoria
  • Loch Ard Gorge, Victoria
  • Mossman Gorge, Queensland
  • Murchison River Gorge, Western Australia
  • Nepean Gorge, New South Wales
  • North and South Gorges of North Stradbroke Island, Queensland
  • Palm Valley, Northern Territory
  • Porcupine Gorge, Queensland
  • Purnululu National Park, Western Australia—Cathedral and Piccaninny Gorges,[17] and Echidna Chasm[18]
  • Ravine des Casoars, South Australia
  • Sturt Gorge, South Australia
  • West MacDonnell National Park, Northern Territory
  • Windjana Gorge, Western Australia

New Zealand

Kawarau Gorge
  • Ashley Gorge, Canterbury region
  • Buller Gorge, Buller
  • Cromwell Gorge, Central Otago
  • Karangahake Gorge, Coromandel Peninsula
  • Karapoti Gorge, Wellington Region
  • Kawarau Gorge, Central Otago
  • Manawatū Gorge, Manawatū
  • Ngauranga Gorge, Wellington City
  • Poolburn Gorge, Central Otago
  • Rakaia Gorge, Canterbury Region
  • Skippers Canyon, Central Otago
  • Taieri Gorge, South Otago
  • Trotters Gorge, North Otago
  • Waimakariri Gorge, Canterbury Region
  • Weka Pass, Canterbury Region
  • Windy Canyon, Great Barrier Island

Submarine canyons

A submarine canyon is a steep-sided valley with nearly vertical walls cut into the seabed of the continental margin, sometimes extending well onto the continental shelf.[19]

Atlantic Ocean

Model of Hudson Canyon, off the coast of New York and New Jersey
  • Amazon Canyon, extending from the Amazon River off the coast of Brazil
  • Avilés Canyon, off the coast of Asturias, Spain
  • Baltimore Canyon, off the coast of Maryland
  • Congo Canyon, extending from the Congo River off the coast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Great Bahama Canyon, between the islands of The Bahamas
  • Hatteras Canyon, off the coast of North Carolina
  • Hudson Canyon, extending from the Hudson River off the coast of New York City between the Long Island and the New Jersey coasts of the United States
  • Mona Canyon, off the coast of western Puerto Rico
  • Nazaré Canyon, off the coast of Portugal
  • Whittard Canyon, off the southwest coast of Ireland
  • Wilmington Canyon, off the coast of Delaware, the United States[20]

Indian Ocean

  • Ganges Canyon, extending from the Ganges off the coast of India
  • Indus Canyon, extending from the Indus River off the coast of Pakistan
  • Perth Canyon, extending from the Swan River off the coast of Fremantle. Western Australia

Pacific Ocean

Map of Bering Canyon and four other submarine canyons in the Bering Sea
  • Bering Canyon, in the Bering Sea near the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, the United States
  • Kaikōura Canyon, off the coast of the Kaikōura Peninsula, New Zealand
  • La Jolla Canyon, off the coast of La Jolla, California
  • Monterey Canyon, off the coast of central California, the United States
  • Pribilof Canyon, in the Bering Sea, southeast of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska
  • Scripps Canyon, off the coast of La Jolla, southern California
  • Zhemchug Canyon, in the central Bering Sea between the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia; the largest submarine canyon in the world based on drainage area

Black Sea

  • Danube Canyon, off the coast of Romania

References

  1. ↑ Ruban, Dmitry A.; Zerfass, Henrique; Pugatchev, Vladimir I. (2009-08-01). "Triassic synthems of southern South America (southwestern Gondwana) and the Western Caucasus (the northern Neotethys), and global tracing of their boundaries" (in en). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 28 (2): 155–167. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2009.03.003. ISSN 0895-9811. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981109000418. 
  2. ↑ Johnny, Molloy (15 September 2022). Hiking the Berkshires - A Guide to the Area's Greatest Hikes. Falcon Guides. p. 110. ISBN 9781493049776. 
  3. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Quartermaster Canyon
  4. ↑ Gwynn, Stephen Lucius. Leinster : Beautiful Ireland Series. https://books.google.com/books?id=JLsBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32. Retrieved 16 May 2024. 
  5. ↑ "Canyons". https://www.myswitzerland.com/en-ch/destinations/nature/canyons-search/. 
  6. ↑ Mitton, Geraldine Edith (1924). A. & C. Black, Limited. Durham. p. 198. https://books.google.com/books?id=805RAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 22 March 2024. 
  7. ↑ Dean, Dennis R (2007). Geology and Its Cultural Influence in Britain, 1765-1835. Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints. p. 134. ISBN 9780820115559. https://books.google.com/books?id=HOHaAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 7 August 2022. 
  8. ↑ Holliday, D W; Burgess, I C (1979). Geology of the Country Around Brough-under-Stainmore. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 45. ISBN 0118840053. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Gillen, Con (31 August 2013). Geology and Landscapes of Scotland. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. ISBN 9781903544884. https://books.google.com/books?id=51hwDwAAQBAJ. 
  10. ↑ Murphy, Alan (2014). Orkney & Shetland. Footprint. p. 75. ISBN 9781909268838. https://books.google.com/books?id=a5J8AwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 20 May 2024. 
  11. ↑ Aldridge, Richard John (2000). British Silurian Stratigraphy. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. ISBN 9781861074782. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsVOAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 23 March 2024. 
  12. ↑ Eyles, Victor Ambrose (1949). Geology of Central Ayrshire: Explanation of One-inch Sheet 14. H.M. Stationery Office. https://books.google.com/books?id=j-4JAAAAMAAJ. 
  13. ↑ "Puck's Glenn - Argyll and Bute, Scotland". https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/pucks-glen. 
  14. ↑ "Ceunant Cynfal National Nature Reserve, near Blaenau Ffestiniog". https://naturalresources.wales/days-out/places-to-visit/north-west-wales/ceunant-cynfal/?lang=en. 
  15. ↑ "Karijini National Park Visitor guide". Department of Parks and Wildlife. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104081935/https://parks.dpaw.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/downloads/parks/2016003752%20karijini%20np_V4.pdf. Retrieved 2016-11-04. 
  16. ↑ "Australia's North West › Pilbara › Karijini National Park › Welcome (tab)". Department of Parks and Wildlife. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104083953/https://parks.dpaw.wa.gov.au/park/karijini. Retrieved 2016-11-04. 
  17. ↑ "Australia's North West › Kimberley › Purnululu › Piccaninny Creek". Department of Parks and Wildlife. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20160310174555/https://parks.dpaw.wa.gov.au/site/piccaninny-creek. Retrieved 2016-11-04. 
  18. ↑ "Australia's North West › Kimberley › Purnululu › Echidna Chasm". Department of Parks and Wildlife. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20160323000943/https://parks.dpaw.wa.gov.au/site/echidna-chasm. Retrieved 2016-11-04. 
  19. ↑ Shepard, F.P., 1963. Submarine Geology. Harper & Row, New York
  20. ↑ Arthur Newell Strahler, Physical Geography. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960, Second Edition, p. 290



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